




LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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KEY TO MUEPHT'S 

NEW OUTLINE AND MILITAKY MAP 



OF THE 



UNITED STATES, 



COMPRISING THE 



DESCRIPTIVE dEOdRAPHY OP EVERY STATE AND TERRITORY 

IN THE UNION, 



WITH THE 



NAMES AND LOCATIONS OF ALL THE PRINCIPAL MOUNTAINS, 

RIVERS, LAKES, BAYS, ISLANDS, CAPES, FORTS, BATTLE 

FIELDS, CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE SAME. 



BY 

S. AGASSIZ MURPHY, B. S. 




"A- 

ST. LOUIS, MO. 

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 

1864. 



TESTIMONIALS. 



I have examined the New Map of S. Agassiz Murphy B. S., and 
commend it of great vakie to the use of schools and private families ; 
and I do recommend it as such. 

CHARLES ELLIOTT D. D., L. L. D., 

President elect of Iowa University. 

I have examined with some care the New Outline and Military Map 
of the United States, by S. Agassiz Murphy B, S., and am well pleased 
with its method and execution. The military feature is certainly an 
excellent one, and will prove of great value to schools and private fami- 
lies. I wish that it may meet with deserved success. 

ROBT. ALLYN, 
President of McKendree College. 

I have examined the Outline Map of the United States, by Mr. S. 
A. Murphy, and commend it as eminently useful for schools. 

THOS. O'NEIL S. J., 
President of St. Louis University. 



Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1864, by 

S. AGASSIZ MURPHY. 

In the Clerk's Office of the U. S. District Court for the 

Northern District of Illinois. 



X ^ / §• '2^ 



PREFACE. 



The science of Geography, from its utility and 
practical importance, has long occupied a prominent place 
in all our schools. Elementary in its character, it forms 
one of the first steps towards the acquisition of knowledge, 
and no education can be complete without it. Established 
upon fixed principles, its province is to unfold the natural 
and physical characteristics of the Earth, the arrangement 
and distribution of its elements, and the laws and agencies 
constantly in force upon its surface. Its contributions to 
the general intelligence of a people, — to their knowledge of 
all countries, — of their inhabitants — their manners and 
customs — of the soil and productions of every clime, — to 
the extension of commerce, Christianity, and civilization 
among mankind, are unsurpassed by those of any other 
science. Although its utility is universally conceded, it is 
a lamentable truth, that a too general ignorance of the 
Geography of the United States prevails among American 
youth. The cause seems to be traceable to the unsophistic 
method of teaching the" subject, and also, to the text-books 
more or less in common use. The first object of education 
is to train the mind to think ^ to reason; hence, every 
science should be so taught, as to secure this end as far as 



4 PREFACE. 

possible. The present plan of teaching Geography, in this 
respect, almost wholly fails. With regard to the science of 
Arithmetic, the ablest and most experienced Teachers admit, 
that every pupil should be thoroughly drilled in Mental 
Arithmetic, before commencing Written Arithmetic ; certain- 
ly, the same principle holds good with reference to Geo- 
graphy; no pupil should be permitted to commence Reference 
Geography, before taking a thorough course of Outline 
Geography, without names. The method of teaching this 
Science from Outline Maps, drawn on a large scale, is uni- 
versally regarded by the best Educators, to be far superior 
to all others, in acquiring a correct, rapid, and enduring 
knowledge of the subject. Another prolific source of great 
evil is, that tjie learner, instead of taking up home geogra- 
phy, and learning the geographical position of places around 
him, — of the town, county, and state in which he lives, is 
led off to acquire a smattering knowledge of that of other 
countries, while he knows nothing of his own. The maps, 
which usually accompany the text-books, being crowded 
with a multiplicity of names and places, to be learned by a 
tedious system of memorizing, render the whole system dry 
and repulsive. The main principles of the science, which 
alone should have been given, are thus buried up with a 
confused mass of minor details, from which nothing can be 
learned. 

The object of the present work is to afford the pupil, a 
thorough and comprehensive knowledge of the Outline Geo- 
graphy of his Country. Its leading features alone are given, 
while the more unimportant ones are carefully excluded. 
Geographical location is made the chief characteristic of 
the work. Every place is concisely and accurately located', 
in fact, the pupil caii not proceed until hejirst learns the 



PREFACE. 5 

location of the place in question. In the Key, which ac- 
companies the Map, will be found a succinct and accurate 
description of all the States and Territories, with reference 
to their settlement, surface, soil, climate, productions, &c., 
while on the Map are deliniated in vivid outline, their prin- 
cipal Mountains, Rivers, Lakes, Bays, Cities, and Towns; 
together with the locations of the great Battlefields, thus 
far, during the present Rebellion. The Forts, that have 
become famous, — the new State of West Virginia, and the 
new division of the Territories by the late Act of Congress, 
are also given. In the construction of the Map, the Author 
has had access to the Government Maps of the United 
States, to the U. S. Coast Surveys, and to other standard 
authorities. From the Preliminary Report of the United 
States of 1860, the statistical part of the work is made 
complete. 

A description of the Government, Constitution, &c., is 
presented ; and throughout, it has been the aim to inculcate 
a love of Union and Liberty, and of Law and Order. With 
the hope of rendering a knowledge of the Geography of our 
Country and its institutions more general in all our schools, 
the work is respectfully submitted to the Public. 

St. Louis, May 1864. 



TO TEACHERS. 

The plan of teaching is optional with the instructor. 
There are three methods in common use, viz: the "Point- 
ing-out Method," the "Singing Method," and the "Map 
Method." 1. With reference to the former, the teacher 
should be provided with several good pointers, five or six 
feet in length, — begin on the east side of the map, and 
locate all the States and Territories, with their capitals, 
one west of the other, to the Pacific Ocean. As soon as 
the names and locations of the states and territories are 
learned, begin with the New England Section, and take up 
the geography of each State. It is a good plan, after the 
pupils have become familiar with the map, in order to 
secure their attention and interest, to allow them to call 
upon each other, to point out and locate such places as 
they may designate. 

2. For those who prefer the singing method, the whole 
work will be found arranged and adapted to that purpose. 
The notes to the most popular chant ^used in singing Geo- 
graphy, are here given. By the plan as here presented, 
the locations of places are to be sung, thus: "The Kennebec 
River is in the State of Maine," "The Columbia River is 
in Washington Territory," "The State of Illinois is west of 
Indiana," &c. We call attention of instructors to this fea- 
ture of the work. 



TO TEACHERS. 7 

3. By the map method, pupils are required to recite 
set lessons, as learned on reference maps in atlases, upon 
the Outline Map. This method admits of a thorough and 
extended course of study. 

4. The characters used on the map are so simple, as 
to need but little explanation. Large figures are placed 
upon the states and territories, and when they occur in the 
Key, the name of the state or territory is written opposite, 
thus: opposite the figure 1, in the Key, Maine — the name 
of the State, is found. Under the head of '^Mountains" 
in the same State, 1 denotes Mars Hill, 2 Mount Katahdin, 
3 Mount Baker, &c., &c. By looking on the map, the 
figure 1 is seen placed on a certain river in Maine, — turn- 
ing to the Key to Maine, under the head of Rivers, the 
same figure is found with the name of the river (Kennebec) 
written opposite. In a similar manner, 2 denotes the Pen- 
obscot River. The letters designate cities and towns. 
Italic letters are used first in the Key, and correspond to 
the common Roman letters on the map, and where there 
are more than twenty-four towns in the same State, the 
Roman letter is next used in the Key, and corresjwnds to 
those marked with the accent on the map. The red dots 
denote battlefields, — the angular red dots, forts. Lengths 
of rivers are estimated in miles, — bights of Mts., in feet. 
Under the head of *' Cities and Towns" in the Key, the first 
one is located as a modle. 



MODERATO. 









The Kennebec River's in the state of Maine, the 



Kennebec River's in the state of Maine, the Kennebec 



1^: 



V- 



» 



==pg==T-»-#-#-T=f:== 



River's in the state of Maine, the Kennebec River's 



— .^-?- 



in the state of Maine. 



GEOGEAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 



Lesson I. — THE £ARTH. 

Question. What is Geography? 
Answer. Geography is a description of the surface 
of the Earth. 

Q. What is the Earth? 

A, The Earth is the globe or body on which we live. 

Q. What is the shape of the Earth ? 

A. It is nearly round, like an orange. 

Q. What is the surface of the Earth? 

A. The outside part. 

Q. Of what is the Earth composed? 

A. Land and water. 

Q. How much of the Earth's surface is land? 

A. One fourth. 

Q. How much of the Earth's surface is water? 

A. Three fourths. 

Lesson II. — DIVISIONS OF THE LAND. 

Q. What is meant by Natural Divisions ? 
A. Those formed by nature; such as Oceans, Lakes, 
Rivers, Continents, Mountains, Islands and Capes. 



10 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 

Q. What is meant by Political Divisions ? 

A. Those formed by man ; such as Kingdoms, Em- 
pires, Republics, States, and Counties. 

Q. What are the Natural Divisions of the land ? 

A. Continents, Mountains, Islands, Peninsulas, Capes, 
Isthmuses and Plains. 

Q. What is a Continent? 

A. The largest natural division of the land, containing 
many countries. 

Q. How many continents are there ? 

A. Two ; the Eastern and Western. 

Q. What does the Eastern Continent comprise ? 

A. Europe, Asia and Africa. 

Q. What does the Western Continent comprise ? 

A. North America and South America. 

Q. Which is the larger Continent ? 

A. The Eastern. 

Q. Which is the largest division ? 

A. Asia. 

Q. Next in size? 

A. Africa. 

Q. Which is the smallest ? 

A. Europe. 

Q. Which is the larger, North America or South 
America? 

A. North America. 

Lesson III. 

Q. What is a Mountain ? 
A. A high elevation of land. 
Q. What is a Hill ? 
A. A small elevation of land. 



GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS, H 

Q. What is an Island ? 

A. A portion of land entirely suiTOunded by water. 

Q. What is a Peninsula ? 

A. A portion of land almost surrounded bj water. 

Q. What is a Cape? 

A. A low point of land extending into the water. 

Q. What is an Isthmus ? 

A. A narrow neck of land joining two larger portions 
of land. 

Q. What is a Plain ? 

A. A portion of land nearly flat or level. 

Q. What is a Valley ? 

A. Low land between hills and mountains. 

Q. What is a Desert ? 

A. A barren region of country. 

Q. What is an Oasis ? 

A. A fertile spot in a desert. 

Q. What is a Volcano ? 

A. A mountain which casts out fire, smoke and lava. 

Q. Which are the most celebrated Volcanoes of the 
Eastern Continent ? 

A. Etna, Vesuvius and Stromboli. 

Q. Of the Western Continent ? 

A. Gualatieri, Cotopaxi and Coseguina. 

Q. How many Volcanoes are there in the world ? 

A. About four hundred. 

Lesson I¥.— DIVISIONS OF THE WATEK. 

Q. What are the natural divisions of the Water ? 
A. Oceans, Seas, Gulfs, Bays, Straits, Lakes and 
Rivers. 

Q. What is an Ocean ? 



12 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 

A. The largest division of water. 

Q. How many Oceans are there? 

A. Five; the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Northern or 
Arctic, Southern or Antarctic. 

Q. What is a Sea ? 

A. A body of water smaller than an ocean. 

Q. What is an Archipelago ? 

A. A sea containing many islands. 

Q. What is a Gulf or Bay ? 

A. A body of water extending into the land. 

Q. What is a Strait ? 

A. A narrow passage connecting two different bodies 
of water. 

Q. What is a Lake ? 

A. A body of water surrounded by land. 

Q. What is a River ? 

A. A large stream of water flowing through the land. 

Q. What are small streams called ? 

A. Brooks, Creeks and Rills. 

Lesson V. 

Q. What is a Channel ? 

A. A wide Strait. 

Q. What is a Sound ? 

A. A shallow Channel or Bay. 

Q. What waters of the Earth are salt? 

A. Oceans, Seas and most Gulfs and Bays. 

Q. What waters are fresh ? 

A. Rivers and most Lakes. 

Q. What is the Head or Source of a River? 

A. The part where it commences. 

Q. What is the Mouth of a River ? 



GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 13 

A, The place where it empties. 

Q. What is the Valley of a River? 

A. The region of country drained by it and its trib- 
utaries. 

Q. What is the Right Bank of a River? 

A. The bank on the right hand as you go down the 
stream. 

Q. What is the Left Bank ? 

A. The one on the left hand. 

Q. By what are Rivers first formed ? 

A. By Springs. 

Q. What is a Waterfall or Cataract ? 

A. Water flowing over a precipice. 

Q. What is a Delta ? 

A. The land formed by the mouth of a river. 

Q. What is a Tributary ? 

A. A stream of water flowing into another stream. 

Q. What is a Harbor, Haven or Port? 

A. A bay where ships may anchor in safety. 

Liesson TI. 

Q. By what other names is the Earth known ? 

A. World, Globe or Sphere. 

Q, What is the circumference of the Earth? 

A. The greatest distance around it. 

Q. What is the diameter of the Earth? 

A. The shortest distance through its centre. 

Q. How many miles is the Earth in circumference ? 

A. Nearly 25,000. 

Q. How many miles in diameter ? 

A. About 8,000. 

Q. What is the Axis of the Earth ? 



14 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 

A. An imaginary line passing through its centre, 
North and South. 

Q. What are the Poles of the Earth ? 

A. The ends of the axis. 

Q. How many Poles are there ? 

A. Two ; the JSTorth Pole and the South Pole. 

Q. Where is the North Pole ? 

A. The north point of the Earth's axis. 

Q. Where is the South Pole ? 

A. The south point of the Earth's axis. 

Q. How far are the poles from each other ? 

A. One hundred and eighty degrees. 

Lesson VII. — MOTIONS OF THE EARTH. 

Q. Hovr many motions has the Earth? 

A. Two ; dailij and yearly. 

Q. What is the daily motion of the Earth ? 

A. That by which it turns round once in twenty-four 
hours. 

Q. What is the yearly motion of the earth ? 

A. That by which it goes round the Sun once every year. 

Q. What causes Day and Night ? 

A. The daily motion of the Earth. 

Q. What makes a year ? 

A. One revolution of the Earth round the Sun. 

Q. What takes place during the Earth's yearly motion? 

A. A change of Seasons. 

Q. How many Seasons are there ? 

A. Four ; Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter. 

Q. What is the Distance travelled by the Earth round 
the Sun? 

A. About 567 millions of miles. 



GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 15 

Lesson VIII. —CIRCLES OF THK EARTH. 

Q. Which are the Circles of the Earth ? 

A. The Equator^ the Tropics^ the Polar Circles, 
the Parallels, and the Meridians » 

Q. What is the Equator ? 

A. An imaginary line, extending round the Earth at 
an equal distance from each Pole. 

Q. What is the distance of the Equator from the Poles ? 

A. It is 90 degrees, or about 6,250 miles. 

Q. What are the tropics ? 

A. Two imaginary lines encircling the Earth, parallel 
with the Equator. 

Q. What are the names of the Tropics ? 

A. The Tropic of Cancer, and the Tropic of Capricorn. 

Q. Where is the Tropic of Cancer? 

A. It is 23^- degrees north of the Equator. 

Q. Where is the Tropic of Capricorn? 

A. It is 23J degrees south of the Equator. 

I@°*The word "Tropic" signifies 'Ho return," when 
the Sun has reached one of the Tropics, he returns to the 
other. 

Lesson IX. 

Q. What are Polar Circles ? 

A. Two imaginary lines extending round the Earth 
near the Poles. 

Q. What are their names? 

A. The Polar Circle north of the Equator is called the 
Arctic Circle, the one south of the Equator — the Antarctic 
Circle. 

Q. Where are they placed ? 

A. At the distance of 23 J degrees from each Pole ? 



16 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 

Q. What are the Parallels ? 

A. Circles extending east and west round the Earth ? 

Q. How ai-e they drawn on maps ? 

A. By lines extending east and west. 

Q. What are Meridians? 

A. Imaginary lines running north and south through 
the Poles. 

Q. How are Circles divided ? 

A. Into 360 equal parts, called degrees. 

Q. What is the length of a Degree ? 

A. It is 60 geographic miles. 

Q. How may Degrees be reduced to common miles ? 

A. By multiplying them by 69i. 

Q. How may geographic miles be reduced to common 
miles ? 

A. By multiplying them by 1.158. 

Lesson X. — LATITUDE. 

Q. What is Latitude ? 

A. Distance from the Equator, north or south? 

Q. How is Latitude divided ? 

A. Into North Latitude, and South Latitude. 

Q. What is the Latitude of a place north of the 
Equator? 

A. North Latitude, 

Q. Of a place situated south of the Equator ? 

A. South Latitude. 

Q. How is Latitude represented on maps ? 

A. By lines extending east and west. 

Q. How is Latitude counted? 

A. In degrees from the Equator to the Poles — from 
to 90. 



GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 17 

Q. Why have the Poles the greatest latitude ? 

A. Because they are the most distant parts of the 
Earth horn the Equator. 

Q. What is the Latitude of the Poles? 

A. Ninety degrees. 

Q. What places have no latitude ? 

A. All places on the Equator. 

Q. How can you tell if a place is in north latitude, or 
in south latitude ? 

A. If the numbers increase from the bottom towards 
the top of the map, it is north latitude; but if they increase 
from the top towards the bottom, it is in south latitude. 

Q. What is the latitude of London ? 

A. 51 degrees, 31 minutes; or about 3,500 miles 
north of the Equator. 

Q. What is the latitude of New York. 

A. 40 degrees, 42 minutes ; or about 2,800 miles 
north of the Equator. 

^^ Latitude means breadth. 

I^esson XI. — I.OWGITIIDE. 

Q. What is Longitude? 

A. Distance east or west from any given Meridian. 

Q. How is Longitude divided ? 

A. Into East Longitude, and West Longitude. 

Q. What is East Longitude? 

A. Distance east of any given meridian. 

Q. What is West Longitude ? 

A. Distance west of any given meridian. 

Q. From what place do most nations reckon Longitude? 

A. From the Capital of their own country. 

Q. From what is Longitude usually reckoned? 



18 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 

A. From the meridian of London. 

Q. From what meridian do Americans often count 
Longitude ? 

A. The meridian of Washington. 

Q. What places have the greatest Longitude ? 

A. Those on the meridian opposite London. 

Q. What places have no Longitude ? 

A. Those on the meridian of London. 

Q. How far on the Earth is Longitude reckoned? 

A. 180 degrees, or half way round the Earth. 

Q. How is Longitude marked 'i 
, A. On the top and bottom of the map, or on the 
Equator. 

Q. How can you distinguish between East and West 
Longitude? 

A. If the numbers increase towards the right hand, it 
is East Longitude ; but if they increase towards the left 
hand, it is West Longitude. 

g@°* Longitude means length. 

Lesson XII. — ZOIVES. 

Q. What does the word "Zone" mean? 
A. A belt or girdle. 
Q. What are Zones ? 

A. Divisions of the Earth's surface, formed by the 
Tropics and Polar Circles. 

Q. How many Zones are there ? 

A. Five : one Torrid, two Temperate, and two Frigid 

Q. Where is the Torrid Zone? 

A. Between the Tropics. 

Q. Where is the North Temperate Zone ? 

A. Between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle. 



GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 19 

Q. Where is the South Temperate Zone ? 
A. Between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic 
Circle. 

Q. Where is the North Frigid Zone ? 

A. North of the Arctic Circle. 

Q. Where is the South Frigid Zone ? 

A. South of the Antarctic Circle. 

Q. What does the word "Torrid" mean? 

A. Hot. 

Q. What is the width of the Torrid Zone? 

A. 47 degrees, or 3243 miles. 

L<esson XIII* 

Q. What is the climate of the Torrid Zone? 

A. It is very hot. 

Q. What is the climate of the Frigid Zone ? 

A. It is very cold. 

Q. What is the climate of the Temperate Zone ? 

A. Mild and moderate. 

Q. Do all places in the Torrid Zone have the same 
climate. 

A. They do not ; at the tops of high mountains con- 
tinually covered with snow, it is very cold. 

Q. Do all places in the same latitude have the same 
climate? 

A. They do not, since climate is modified by large 
bodies of water and by mountains. 

Q. What varieties of climate in the Torrid Zone ? 

A. At the foot of high mountains it is very warm ; at 
the tops, very cold; and between these, moderate and mild. 

Q. How may you find a cold climate? 

A. By going either north or south of the Equator, or 
by ascending high mountains. 



20 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 

Q. To what is the Torrid Zone subject? 
A. Earthquakes, hurricanes and dangerous diseases. 
Q. For what is the Torrid Zone noted? 
A. The finest fruits, — the largest and most ferocious 
animals. 

I^esson XIV.— RACES OF MEIV. 

Q. From whom has the whole human race descended ? 

A. From our first parents, Adam and Eve. 

Q. What are the races of mankind ? 

A. Five : the European or Caucasian, Asiatic or 
Mongolian, American or Indian, Oceanic or Malay, African 
or Negro. 

Q. What is the color of each race ? 

A. The Europeans are while ^ the Asiatics yellow^ the 
American Indians red or cnjiper-colored^ the Malay dark 
brown ^ the African black, 

Q. What is the cause of the difference in color? 

A. Climate, food and mode of life. 

Q. Which is the most noble of the five races ? 

A. The European or Caucasian. 

Q. In what does it excel all others ? 

A. Learning and enterprise. 

Q. To which race do the people of the United States 
mostly belong ? 

A. European. 

Lesson XV. — STAGES OF SOCIETY. 

Q. How may nations be divided with respect to society ? 

A. Into classes. 

Q How many classes ar^ there? 

A. Five. 

Q. What are they? 



GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 21 

A. Savage, Barbarous, Half- civilized, Civilized, and 
Enlightened. 

Q. How do men live in a savage state ? 

A. By hunting and fishing. 

Q. In what do they live ? 

A. Huts and caves. 

Q. How are ^hey clad? 

A. In skins of wild beasts. 

Q. What is their character ? 

A. Savage and cruel. 

Q. Can they read and write ? 

A. They can not. 

Q. What people belong to this class ? 

A. The people of Kamtschatka, most of the Indian 
tribes of North and South America, the aborigines of New 
Guinea and Australia. 

I^esson SLTI. 

Q. How do men live in the barbarous state ? 

A. By rude agriculture and pasturage of cattle. 

Q. In what do they live? 

A. In tents. 

Q. With what do they travel? 

A. Their flocks and herds. 

Q. What do they understand ? 

A. A few of the simple arts. 

Q. Can they read and write ? 

A. Very little. 

Q. What do men understand in the half -civilized state? 

A. Agriculture, and many of the arts. 

Q. In what do they live ? 

A. Houses. 



22 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 

Q. What do they possess? 

A. Written languages and books. 

Q. For what are they mostly distinguished ? 

A. Their laws and religion. 

Q. Of what are they jealous ? 

A. Strangers. 

Q. How do they treat their women ? 

A. As slaves. 

Q. What nations belong to this class ? 

A. China, Siam, Persia, Japan, &c. 

Lesson XTII. 

Q. Which are the civilized nations ? 

A. Spain, Portugal, Mexico, Greece, &c. 

Q. For what are they noted ? 

A. Commerce, manufactures, and their knowledge of 
the arts and sciences. 

Q. What is the condition of most of the people of this 
class ? 

A. They are very ignorant and superstitious. 

Q. Which are the Enlightened Nations ? 

A. The United States, France, Great Britain, Ger- 
many, Switzerland, &c. 

Q. How are they distinguished? 

A. For intelligence and enterprise. 

Q. What is well understood ? 

A. The arts and sciences, — and are carried on to a 
high state of perfection. 

Q. How are females treated? 

A. With politeness and respect. 

Q. What is said of education ? 

A. It is more general than in any other nation. 

Q. To which class do you belong ? 

A. Enlightened. 



GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 23 

Lesson X VIM. — RELIGION. 

Q. What is religion? 

A. Reverence of man for some higher Power by whom 
all things are governed. 

Q. How is religion divided ? 

A. Into true and false. 

Q. What is true Religion ? 

A. The worship of God. 

Q. What is false Religion? 

A. The worship of idols. 

Q. How many systems of Religion are there ? 

A. Four. 

Q. What are they? 

A. The Christian, the Mahommedan, the Pagan, and 
the Jewish. 

Q. Who are Christians? 

A. Those who believe in Christ. 

Q. Into how many churches are they divided ? 

A. Three. 

Q. What are they ? 

A. The Catholic, the Greek, and the Protestant. 

Q. In what do they differ? 

A. Points of doctrine and modes of worship. 

Q. How many Christians are there in the world? 

A. About 261,921,000. 

Lesson XIX. 

Q. Who are the Mahommedans ? 
A. Those who believe in the Koran, a book written by 
Mahommed. 

Q. Who was Mahommed? 
A. A religious imposter. 



24 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 

Q. In what country did he live. 

A. Arabia. 

Q. When did he make his appearance ? 

A. About 600 years after Christ. 

Q. From what book is the Koran mostly taken ? 

A. The Bible. 

Q. What nations profess the Mahommedan faith ? 

A. The Turks, [the Persians, the Arabians, and the 
Egyptians. 

Q. How many Mahommedans are there ? 

A. About 178,325,000 

Q. Who are Pagans ? 

A. Those who worship idols. 

Q. What are the principal systems of Paganism? 

A. Brahminism, Buddhism, and Fetichism. 

Q. How many Pagans are there in the world ? 

A. About 574,375,000. 

Q. Who are the Jews? 

A. Those who believe in the Old Testament and ex- 
pect a Savior yet to come. 

Q. Have they a country of their own ? 

A. They have not. 

Q. What is their condition ? 

A. They are dispersed throughout all nations. 

Q. Are they respected ? 

A. They are not. 

Q. How are they treated in many countries ? 

A. They are outlawed, — do not enjoy citizenship. 

Q. How many Jews are there? 

A. About 3,679,000. 



GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 25 

Lesson XX. — POLITICAL. DIVISIONS. 

Q. What are Political Divisions ? 
A. Those formed by man. 
Q. What is an Empire ? 
A. A country governed by an emperor. 
Q. What is a Kingdom ? 
A. A country governed by a king. 
Q. What is a Republic ? 

A. A country in which the people govern by repre- 
sentation. 

Q. Which is the most powerful republic in the world ? 

A. The American Republic. 

Q. How is it divided ? 

A. Into States. 

Q. How are the States divided ? 

A. Into Counties. 

Q. How are Counties divided ? 

A. Into Townships. 

Q. How is a Township divided ? 

A. Into Districts. 

Q. What is a State? 

A. The largest division of a republic. 

Q. What is a County? 

A. The largest division of a State. 

Q. What is a Township? 

A. A division of a County. 

Q. What is a District ? 

A. A division of a Township. 



THE UNITED STATES. 



1. The United States occupy the central portion of 
North America. The territory extends from the Atlantic 
on the east, to the Pacific Ocean on the west, and from 
British America and the Great Lakes on the north, to the 
Gulf of Mexico and the Mexican Republic on the south. 

2. The main shore of the Atlantic Ocean measures 
6,186 miles ; that of the Pacific 2,281 miles. The coast 
of the Gulf of Mexico on the south is 3,467 miles in extent, 
and the shore-line of the great northern Lakes is estimated 
at 3,620 miles. The northern frontier of the United States 
bordering on British America, is 3,303 miles and the fron- 
tier bordering on the Mexican Republic, is 1,456 miles. 

3. The whole area of the United States is estimated 
at 3,385,000 square miles and the population is 31,429,891. 

4. The United States is distinguished for the freedom 
and excellence of its political institutions, the genius and 
industry of its inhabitants, and the rapid increase of its 
population. 

5. The inhabitants consist of Whites, Negroes and 

Indians. The Whites are nearly all of European descent, 

and form the greater part of the population. The Negroes 

are of African descent, and are estimated at 4,000,000. 
26 



THE UNITED STATES. 27 

About 3,000,000 of them are slaves. The Indians are the 
first inhabitants of the country and number about 4,000,000. 
The Indian race, once so numerous and powerful, is grad- 
ually disappearing before the approaching footsteps of 
civilization, and must finally disappear forever and be 
known only on the page of history. 

6. The English language is universal. 

7. Agriculture is the leading pursuit and is well under- 
stood. The soil yields an ample harvest for all that is 
planted, the climate being favorable to the growth and 
culture of nearly every production of the earth, that can 
sustain life, or increase its luxuries. The Eastern States 
are chiefly devoted to grazing and the dairy; the Middle 
and Interior States to the raising of wheat, Indian corn &c.; 
and the Southern States to cotton, sugar, rice and tobacco. 

8. The Rivers of the United States may be divided into 
four classes: 1. The Mississippi and its wide spreading 
tributaries, which drain nearly the entire region between the 
Rocky and Alleghany Mountains ; 2. the rivers east of the 
Alleghanies, which drain the Atlantic slope and low lands 
and thence flow into the Atlantic Ocean ; 3. the rivers 
which flow into the Gulf of Mexico, independently of the 
Mississippi ; 4. the rivers west of the Rocky Mountains. 

9. The United States is naturally divided into three 
distinct regions by the Rocky Mountains and the Alle- 
ghanies, viz: the Atlantic Slope, the Mississippi Valley, 
and the Pacific slope. The Atlantic Slope comprises all 
that part of the United States between the Alleghany 
Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean. The Mississippi Valley 
includes all that portion of country between the Rocky 
Mountains and the Alleghany Mountains ; this region is 



28 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

drained by the Mississippi river and its tributaries. Tho 
Pacific slope embraces all that portion of couiitrj between 
the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. 

10. The mineral resources of the United States are 
abundant and various. Coal, iron, copper, lead, and gold 
are inexhaustable. Gold is found in Virginia, North Caro- 
lina, Georgia and California. The lead region of Illinois, 
Wisconsin, Iowa and Missouri is the richest in the world. 
The anthracite coal is found in Pennsylvania in inexhaust- 
able quantities, and farther west the bituminous coal is 
equally abundant. Iron is found in Missouri, and copper 
in Michigan. 

11. The United States rank next to Great Britain in 
commercial enterprise. The vessels employed in the foreign 
trade that entered and departed from the ports of the 
United States in 1857, numbered upwards of 44,000, navi- 
gated by 317,000 American, and 238,000 foreign seamen. 
The value of imports and exports, for the same year, was 
725 million dollars. 

12. The manufactures are very extensive and impor- 
tant. In the year 1850, the capital invested in this pursuit, 
was 530 million dollars ; the value of the raw material used 
was 550 millions; and the value of the articles manufac- 
tured nearly 1020 millions. The number of people employed 
was 1,050,000 and their wages amounted to 240 million 
dollars. 

13. The public libraries in 1850, numbered 15,615, 
containing 4,636,411 volumes. In no other country is 
education so general and universal. Large funds are set 
apart by the different state legislatures for the support of 
common schools, and nearly every boy and girl twelve years 



THE UiNITED STATES. 29 

of age, can at least, read and write. Reading is a general 
habit among all classes, and the press exerts a greater 
power and influence than in any other part of the world. 
In 1850, there were 2800 different periodicals, and 423 
million copies published annually. 

14. There is no national or established religion in the 
United States ; for it is expressly declared in the Constitu- 
tion, that "Congress shall make no law respecting the 
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the exercise there- 
of." Every citizen is free to choose his own faith. 

15. The railroads are very numerous and important. 
These roads have an aggregate length of about 27,000 
miles, comprising more than half of all that have been made 
in the world. They have all been built since the year 1829, 
and cost 1000 million dollars. 

16. The canals, already constructed, comprise an ex- 
tent of 3600 miles. 

17. The lakes and rivers of the United States are nu^ 
merous and extensive, and among the most remarkable in 
the world. The five great lakes are: Superior, Huron, 
Michigan, Erie, and Ontario. They form an area of about 
94,000 square miles. Lake Superior is the largest body 
of fresh water known. These lakes are all drained by the 
St. LawTence River, which has a fall of 232 ft. from the 
foot of the falls of Niagara, to the Atlantic. 

18. The principal rivers are : the St. Lawrence, Mis- 
sissippi, Missouri, Arkansas, Ohio, Cumberland, Tennessee, 
Red, Columbia, and Rio Grande. The Mississippi, with 
its main aflfluent, the Missouri, is 4,491 miles in length, 
the longest river in the world. It drains a region of coun- 
try 1,200,000 square miles in extent. The Mississippi 



30 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

rises in Lake Itaska, at an elevation of 1680 ft. above the 
level of the Gulf of Mexico, into which it empties. The 
main tributary of the Mississippi from the east is the Ohio ; 
it flows from Pittsburg to Cairo, a distance of 975 miles 
at a f aU of 424 feet. 

19. The mountains are all on a grand and magnificent 
scale, and rival those of the Eastern Continent. They 
form three distinct systems, viz : the Appalachian or Alle- 
ghany Mountains ; the Chippewayan or Rocky Mountains ; 
and the Californian Coast Range. The Alleghany Moun- 
tains extend from the banks of the river St. Lawrence to 
the state of Alabama, a distance of about 1500 miles ; this 
system is formed by several parallel ranges, elevated about 
2500 feet above the level of the sea. 

20. The Rocky Mountains are regarded as a continua- 
tion of the Andes Mountains of South America. They are 
80 called from their broken, nigged character, and bare 
granite summits. They commence at the northern part of 
Oentral America, and extend to the Arctic Ocean. Their 
general elevation is only above the line of trees, but in some 
parts they rise above the snow line, and their summits are 
constantly covered with snow and ice. 

21. The Californian Coast Range of mountains extend- 
from the southern extremity of the Peninsula of California 
to Mt. St. Elias in Russian America. The average highth 
of this range is less than that of the Rocky Mountains, but 
some of its peaks are higher. Mt. St. Elias, one of its 
peaks, is 17,860 feet, the highest in North America. That 
part of the range which traverses the State of California, 
forms two parallel chains, which exert a great influence on 
the productions and climate. 



THE UNITED STATES. 31 

22. No other nation in the world possesses so many 
steamvessels as the United States. Numerous ocean lines, 
comprising first class ships of great speed, now traverse the 
ocean in all directions. All the principal rivers are con- 
stantly navigated by hundreds of steamboats, laden with the 
produce of a rich and bountiful soil. 

23. The Magnetic Telegraph, by which news is trans- 
mitted at lightning speed, is employed to a greater extent 
in this country, than in any other. The number of miles 
of wire in operation, include several thousand in the aggre- 
gate. Some of the extreme points of connection, are 2000 
miles apart. 

24. A great majority of the people adhere to Christi- 
anity, in some one or other of its various forms. The prin- 
cipal religious sects are : the Catholics, the Episcopalians, 
the Presbyterians, the Baptists, the Methodists, the Uni- 
versalists, the Lutherans, the Friends, and the Unitarians. 

HISTORY. 

1. The first permanent settlement made in America, 
was at Jamestown, Virginia, by the English, in 1607. In 
1775, there were thirteen colonies, and the population had 
increased to nearly three millions. 

2. The British Parliament, at this time, passed various 
oppressive laws, and taxed the colonies without their con- 
sent. To this they would not submit. They claimed, that 
taxation and representation are inseparable. 

3. They took up arms in their defence, against their 
mother country and the battle of Lexington was fought at 
Lexington, Massachusetts, on the 19th of April 1775. 

4. This was the first battle of the revolutionary war, 
and in which the British troops sufi'ered severely. 



32 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

6. On the 4th of July 1776, the colonies openly de- 
clared to the world, that they "were, and of right ought to 
be, free and independent states," &c. 

6. This was called the Declaration of Independence. 
It was drawn up by Thomas Jefferson and signed by fifty- 
six men, who pledged their lives, fortunes and sacred honor 
in its support. 

7. A long and bloody war ensued, in which Great 
Britain put forth powerful efforts to subdue the country. 
But the people, stimulated by a love of liberty and the 
justice of their cause, and led on by the noble and gallant 
Washington, finally forced the mother country to acknowl- 
edge their independence. 

8. In 1783, after a war of nearly eight years, the 
treaty of peace was signed and proclaimed January 20th of 
the same year, 

9. At the close of the war, General Washington, the 
Commander-in-chief of the American army, resigned his 
commission to Congress, presenting the rare example of a 
great military chief, voluntarily descending to the rank of 
a private citizen. 

GOVER:«r»IENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1. The Government of the United States is a Federal 
Democratic Republic, a Union of States for the support of 
a common government and for mutual protection. 

2. The present Constitution of the United States was 
formed in 1787, and ratified by Congress the following year. 

3. The Constitution went into operation in March 1789. 
It has since been amended. 

4. Its fundamental principles are : Liberty of Con- 



THE UNITED STATES. 33 

science, Liberty of the Press, the Right of Trial by Jury, and 
the Privilege of choosing and being chosen to office. 

5. The Government comprises three distinct powers : 
the Legislative, the Judicial, and the Executive. The 
Legislative power makes the laws, the Judicial expounds 
them, and the Executive executes them. 

6. The Legislative power is vested in a Congress, 
which consists of a Senate and a House of Representatives. 
This body assembles in the City of Washington on the first 
Monday of December of each year. 

7. The Senate is composed of two members from each 
State, elected by the Legislatures of the same, for six years. 
One third of the Senate is renewed every two years. The 
number of Senators, then, is always equal to twice the num- 
ber of States in the Union. The number of Senators now, 
(1863) is sixty-eight, since there are thirty-four States in 
the Union. 

8. The House of Representatives is composed of mem- 
bers from the States, chosen by the people, for a term of 
two years. Each Stat e is, at present, entitled to one 
Representative for every 93,700 inhabitants. 

9. Each State is, at least, entitled to one Representa- 
tive, although the number of inhabitants may be less, than 
the number above stated. 

10. The present number of Representatives is 234. 

11. Each organized Territory is allowed to send one 
Delegate to Congress, who has the right to participate in 
debate on all questions pertaining to the Territory he repre- 
sents, but can not vote. 

12. The Judicial Power is the Supreme Court of the 
United States. 

3 



34 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

This is the highest civil tribunal of the country. Its 
decisions are final, and from them there is no appeal. 

13. It is composed of one chief, and eight associate 
Judges, who are appointed by the President, with the advice 
and consent of the Senate. They hold their office during 
life, or good behavior. 

14. This Court is held in Washington City, and has 
one session annually, commencing on the first Monday in 
December. 

15. The Executive power is vested in a President. He 
is the chief officer of the nation, and it is his duty to execute 
the laws. 

16. The President and Vice President are coosen by 
^ ^Electors" from all the States, for a term of four years. 

17. Each State appoints as many electors as it has 
members in Congress. The electors meet at the proper 
time in their respective States, and vote by ballot for Presi- 
dent and Vice President. 

18. The President is Commander-in-chief of the Army 
and Navy of the United States. He has power, with the 
consent of two-thirds of the Senate, to appoint civil and 
military officers, to levy war and conclude peace, &c., &c. 

19. The President is assisted in his duties by seven 
subordinate officers, who constitute his Cabinet. These are : 
the Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secre- 
tary of War, Secretary ol the Navy, Secretary of the In- 
terior, Postmaster General, and the Attorney General, each 
of whom presides over a seperate Department. 

20. The Vice President is the presiding officer of the 
Senate. In case of death or removal of the President, he 
becomes President of the United States. 



THE UNITED STATES. 35 

21. The officers of the President's Cabinet are re- 
movable at his will. 

22. Each State has its own seperate and independent 
Government. A State Government consists of the three 
branches, Legislative, Judicial, and the Executive, the same 
as that of the United States. 

23. The chief officer of a State is styled the Governor, 
whose duty it is to execute the State laws. 

24. The Presidents of the United States, from the 
adoption of the Constitution to the present time are: 

George Washington, of Virginia, from 1789 to 1797. 
John Adams, of Massachusetts, from 1797 to 1801. Thos. 
Jefferson, of Virginia, from 1801 to 1809. James 
Madison, of Virginia, from 1809 to 1817. James Monroe, 
of Virginia, from 1817 to 1825. John Q, Adams, of Massa- 
chusetts, from 1825 to 1829. Andrew Jackson, of Ten- 
nessee, from 1829 to 1837. Martin Van Buren, of New 
York, fi'om 1837 to 1841. Wm. H. Harrison, of Ohio, 
from 1841 — 1 month. John Tyler, of Virginia, from 1841 
to 1845. James K. Polk, of Tennessee, from 1845 to 
1849. Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana, from 1849 to 1850. 
Millard Fillmore, of New York, from 1850 to 1853. Frank- 
lin Pierce, of New Hampshire, from 1853 to 1857. James 
Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, from 1857 to 1861. Abraham 
Lincoln, of Illinois, from 1861 to . 



THE EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND 
STATES. 



1. The Eastern States are all situated east of the Hud- 
son River. They are : Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, 
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 

2. This section is noted as being the most intelligent, 
industrious, and thriving portion of the Union. 

3. The people are religious and benevolent. Among 
them the Sabbath is strictly observed, and all classes attend 
public worship. They are conscientious in their worldly 
affairs, exact in dealing, but honest and honorable. 

4. In no other country is education so general, or 
more developed. Their numerous churches and schools 
indicate the deep interest, manifested by the people in edu- 
cation, and religious instruction. Their common school 
system is the best in the Union, and many of the most 
distinguished men in the United States, have been educated 
at Yale and Harvard Colleges. 

5. The Eastern States are, in general, rough and hilly, 
much of the soil is good, but requires skilful and diligent 
cultivation, to raise good crops. They are better adapted 
to grazing, than to agriculture. 

6. These States are noted as the great manufacturing 

district of the Union. The cotton and woollen factories em- 

36 



THE EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. 37 

employ a large amount of capital, and a great number of 
operatives. Since the manufacturing system commenced, 
the Eastern States have grown rapidly in -wealth and 
population. 

7. The inhabitants are extensively engaged in the whale 
and other fisheries, giving employment to more than 17,000 
men. The commerce of these States is very extensive. 

8. The inhabitants are mostly of English origin, and 
at an early period, were noted for their love of liberty. 
They were the first to resist the oppressive laws of the 
British Parliament, and some of the most important events 
in the war of Independence took place here. 

MAINE. 

1. The State of Maine is east of Canada, and situated 
between New Brunswick and New Hampshire. 

2. Maine is the largest of the New England States, 
and comprises about half their area. It was first settled in 
1626, and in 1656 was taken under the jurisdiction of 
Massachusetts, and so continued until 1820, when it became 
an independent State. 

3. The northern portion of the State is mountainous, 
and covered with a thick forest. The soil is poor. Through- 
out the interior, it is generally hilly, and the land rises so 
rapidly from the sea coast, that the tide flows but a short 
distance up its numerous rivers. The best land is between 
the Penobscot and the Kennebec rivers, but along the coast 
it is sandy and unsuited to agriculture. 

4. There are numerous lakes in the State, which afford 
excellent fish. The coast is lined with islands and indented 
with a great many bays and inlets, which afford more good 
harbors, than in any other State in the Union. 



3^ DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

5. The climate is subject to great extremes of heat and 
cold ; the winters are long and severe, the lakes are covered 
with ice from December to April. Vast quantities of ice 
are exported to the West Indies and the Southern States. 

6. The great staple productions are lumber, granite, 
and lime. The chief minerals are: iron, limestone, slate, 
and granite. The inhabitants are very extensively engaged 
in ship-building, lumbering, and the fisheries. From its 
abundance of lumber, Maine has become the greatest ship- 
building State in the Union. 

8 The entire length of the State, from north to south, 
is about 250 miles, its greatest breadth 190 miles. The 
length of sea coast, including all its windings, is about 1,000 
miles. 

9. Area in square miles, 31,760 ; population in 1860, 
628,276; inhabitants to a square mile, 16; counties, 15. 

10. Cities and Towns. — Augusta, the capital of the 
State, is situated on both sides of the Kennebec River, 43 
miles from its mouth. The two parts of the city are united 
by a handsome stone bridge. It contains a fine state-house 
of granite, a United States arsenal, and a lunatic asylum. 
Steamboats ply regularly between Augusta and the principal 
New England ports. 

11. Portland is beautifully situated on an elevated 
peninsula projecting into Casco Bay. It is the largest and 
most important city in the State. The harbor is deep, 
spacious, and always open. The city is largely engaged in 
commerce, chiefly Avith Europe and the West Indies. 

12. Bangor is on the Penobscot River, 60 miles from 
the sea. It is one of the most elegantly built cities in the 



THE EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. 39 

Union. It is extensively engaged in the lumber trade, and 
is 661 miles from Washington. 

13. Bath is situated on the right bank of the Kennebec 
River. It is noted for its ship-building, and ranks seventh 
in the United States in the importance of its shipping. 

14. Brunswick is on the Androscoggin River, and the 
seat of Bowdoin College, — Waterville, of Waterville Col- 
lege. They are thriving institutions. 

15. Eastport on the south-east part of Moose Island, 
is an important lumber depot. Gardiner and Hallowell on 
the Kennebec, and Belfast on the Penobscot, are all flour- 
ishing towns. 

Key to Maine. 
1. Maine. 
The State of Maine is east of Canada. 
The ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, the capital the 
city of Augusta. 

The State of Maine is noted for its lumber. 

3foiai tarns. 

1. The Hill of Mars is in the northern part of Maine. 

2. Mount Katahdin is in the State of Maine. 

,, ,, ,, fifty-four hundred. 

3. Mount Baker is in the State of Maine. 

4. The Acadian Mountains are north of Maine. 

liivei's. 

1. The Kennebec River is in the State of Maine. 

5, ,, ,, rises in Moosehead Lake and 

empties in the Atlantic Ocean. 

The Kennebec River is two and a-half hundred. 

2. The Penobscot River is in the State of Maine. 

empties into the Atlantic Ocean. 



40 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

The Penobscot River is two and three-quarter hundred. 

3. The Androscoggin River is in the southern part of 
Maine. 

The Androscoggin River rises in New Hampshire and 
empties into the Atlantic Oeean. 

The Androscoggin River is one and a-half hundred. 

4. The Saco River is in the southern part of Maine. 

,, ,, ,, rises in New Hampshire, and emp- 
ties into the Atlantic Ocean. 

The Saco River is one and a-half hundred. 

5. The Walloostook River is in the northern part of 
Maine. 

The Walloostook River rises in the Acadian Mountains, 
and empties into the St. John's River. 

The Walloostook River is one and a-half hundred. 

6. The Allagash River is in the northern part of Maine. 

,, ,, ,, rises in the Lake Umsaskis, and 

empties into the St. John's River. 

7. The Aroostook River is in the northern part of 
Maine. 

The Aroostook River is in the northern part of Maine, 
and empties into the St. John's River. 

The Aroostook River is one and a-quarter hundred. 

8. The Mattawamkeag River is in the eastern part of 
Maine. 

The Mattawamkeag River is in the eastern part of 
Maine and empties into the Penobscot River. 

9. The Sebois River is in the State of Maine. 

,, ,, ,, rises in Sebois Lake and empties 
into the Penobscot River. 

10. The St. John'sRiver is north of Maine. 

,, ,, ,, ,, rises in the State of Maine, 
and empties in the Bay of Fundy. 



THE EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. 4I 

The St. John's River is four and a-halF hundred. 
10. The St. Croix River is east of Maine. 

,, ,, ,, ,, rises in Grand Lake and emp- 
ties into the Atlantic Ocean. 

Lakes and Bays. 

1. Moosehead Lake is in the State of Maine. 

2. Chesuncook Lake is in the State of Maine. 

3. Lake Millinoket ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, 

4. Lake Sebois ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, 

5. Lake Umsaskis is in the northern part of Maine. 

6. The Eagle Lakes ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, 

7. Grand Lake is in the eastern part of Maine. 

8. The Schoodic Lakes are in the State of Maine. 

9. Moosetockmaguntic Lake is in the western part of 
Maine. 

10. The Passamaquoddj Bay is on the coast of Maine. 

11. Narragangus Bay. 

12. Penobscot Bay. 

13. Casco Bay. 

14. Saco Bay. 

I@°*A11 these bays are located on the coast of Maine. 

Cities and Toivns, 
* Augusta. 

a The city of Bangor is on the Penobscot River. 
b Hallowell. / Wiscasset. 

c Waterville. m Belfast. 

d Anson. 7i Eddington. 

e Solon. o New Limerick. 

/ Moscow. p Houlton. 

g Wayne. q Hodgton. 

h Bowdoin. r Calais. 

i Brunswick. 5 Pembroke. 

j Portland. t Ereyburg. 

k Bath. u Sebec. 



42 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

IVEW HAMPSHIRE. 

1. The State of New Hampshire is situated between 
Maine and Vermont. 

2. It extends from Massachusetts to Canada. Its 
length is about 170 miles, and its breadth varies from 20 
to 90 miles, 

3. The surface along the coast is level, in the interior, 
it is mountainous, hilly and broken. The mountains, val- 
leys, lakes, and water-falls of the State abound in sublime 
and beautiful scenery, and on this account it is called 
the ^'Switzerland of America." It is also styled the 
^^Granite State," from the great quantities of granite found 
in it. 

4. The White Mountains, in the northern part of the 
State, are the most elevated in New England. They are 
visible from a great distance at sea, and the grandeur and 
magnificence of the scenery attracts thousands of visitors. 

5. The soil generally is not very fertile. The most 
fertile lands are in the valleys along the water courses. 

6. The climate is cold and severe, but very healthy. 

7. New Hampshire has only 18 miles of sea coast, and 
Portsmouth is its only harbor. 

8. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in agriculture, 
grazing, and manufactures. 

9. The best quality of granite abounds in abundance. 
Iron is found in almost every county. 

10. Area in square miles : 9,280. Population in 1860: 
326,072. Inhabitants to the square mile : 35|. Counties : 
10. 

11. Cities and Towns. — Concord, the capital of the 
State, is pleasantly situated on both sides of the Merrimac 
Eiver, which is spanned by two bridges. 



THE EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. 43 

12. It is a pleasant and flourishing city, and contains 
the State-House, State Prison and buildings. As it lies on 
the route from Boston to Canada, it has become the centre 
of several important railroads. Concord is 474 miles north- 
east of Washington City. 

13. Portsmouth, near the mouth of the Piscataqua, is 
the largest and most commercial town in the State It has 
a fine harbor, being deep, capacious, and easily defended. 
A United States navy-yard is located here. Portsmouth is 
3 miles from the sea, and 491 north-east from Washington. 

14. Manchester, located on the Merrimac, the most 
important city in the State, is a noted manufacturing place. 
Hanover, situated a short distance from the Connecticut, is 
the seat of Dartmouth College. Exeter, in the south-east 
part of the State, is the seat of Phillips Academy, one of 
the oldest and most respectable institutions of learning in 
New Hampshire. 

15. Dover and Great Falls are noted manufacturing 
towns. Amherst, Nashua, New Market, Meredith, Haver- 
hill, and Conway are all flourishing towns. Franconia is 
celebrated for its iron works. 

Key to New Hampshire. 

2. New Hampshire. 
The State of New Hampshire is west of Maine. 
The ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, the capi- 

tal of the city of Concord. 

Moimtams. 

1. The White Mountains are in the State of New 
Hampshire. 

2. Mount Washington is in the State of New Hamp- 
shire. 

Mount Washington is sixty- two hundred. 



44 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

Rivers. 

1. The Merrimac River is in the State of New Hamp- 
shire. 

The Merrimac River rises in the white Mountains, and 
empties into the Atlantic Ocean. 

The Merrimac River is two hundred. 

2. The Contoocook River is in the State of New Hamp- 
shire. 

The Contoocook River is in the State of New Hamp- 
shire, and empties into the Merrimac River. 

3. The Southegan River is in southern New Hampshire. 
,, ,, ,, rises in Massachusetts, and 

empties into the Merrimac River. 

4. Pemigewasset River is in the State of New Hamp- 
shire. 

5. Ammonoosuck River is in northern New Hampshire. 

57 1-) •>") ?? 5> 5> ?? 

and empties into the Connecticut River. 

Lakes. 

1. Connecticut Lake is in northern New Hampshire. 

2. Ossipee ,, ,, ,, eastern ,, ,, 

3. Lake Winnepiseogee is in the State of New Hamp- 
shire. 

Cities and Towns. 
* Concord. 

a The city of Amherst is in southern New Hampshire. 
b Epsom. g Stratt'ord. 

c Manchester. h Winchester. 

d Derrj. i Keene. 

e Portsmouth. j Peterboro. 

/ Ossippee. k Gilford. 



THE EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. 45 

VERMOIVT. 

1. The State of Vermont is west of New Hampshire. 
It derives its name from the Green Mountains, so called by 
the French from the evergreens which cover them. The 
name ^'Vermont" is composed of the two words verd^ in 
French signifying green, and mont^ mountain. 

2. The surface is generally rough, and mountainous. 
The Green Mountains traverse the State north and south, 
dividing it into nearly equal sections. The base of this 
mountain range is from 10 to 15 miles wide. 

3. The soil in the valleys is generally fertile, and the 
hills and mountains afford rich pasturage. Cattle are raised 
in abundance, and the value of live stock is greater than in 
any other New England State. 

4. Vermont was first explored by the French from 
Canada, but was finally settled by the English more than a 
century and a quarter ago. 

In the war of Independence, the citizens of this State 
bore a conspicuous part, and their valor and bravery ac- 
quired for them the honorable title of Green Mountain 
Boys. 

5. The climate is variable, and subject to the extremes 
of heat and cold, but healthy. Snow lies on the ground 
from four to five months in the year. 

6. The staple productions are, wheat, butter, maple 
sugar, cheese, wool, and live stock. More butter and wool 
are produced, than in any other State of this section. 

7. Iron, marble, slate, and granite are among the chief 
minerals. 

8. Vermont is situated entirely in the interior, and its 
trade is carried on by the medium of Lake Champlain, a 
canal of the same name, and the various railroads recently 



46 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

constructed. Immense rafts of lumber are seen sailing up 
tlie lake towards the canal, destined for the towns along 
the Hudson. 

9. Area in square miles : 10,210. Population in 1860 : 
315,116. 

10. Cities and Towns. — Montpelier, the capital, is 
situated on the Winooski River. It occupies a central po- 
sition in the State, and is chiefly remarkable for its active 
trade. It contains the State House, a beautiful granite 
structure, and other public buildings. 

11. Burlington, on Lake Champlain, is the most popu- 
lous city in the State. It is one of the most beautiful towns 
in New England. The streets cross each other at right 
angles, and many of the dwellings are surrounded w^ith beau- 
tiful gardens ornamented with shrubberry and shade trees. 
It is the most commercial town on the lake. 

12. Bennington, in the south-west part of the State, 
is noted for the important victory, gained by General Stark, 
over a detachment of Burgoyne's army. This battle was 
fought in 1777. 

13. Brattleboro, on the Connecticut River, is noted for 
its manufactures. 

14. Middlebury is an important manufacturing town, 
situated on Otter Creek, and is the seat of Middelbury 
College. 

15. Norwich, is on the Connecticut, and the seat of 
Norwich University. 

16. Windsor, on the Connecticut, is noted for the 
beauty of its surrounding scenery. The State Prison is 
located here. 



the 



THE EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. 47 

Key to Termont. 

3. Vermont. 
The State of Vermont is west of New Hamphire. 

?? ?? ?> 5? J? 55 J) JJ ?5 

capital the city of Montpelier. 

Mountains. 

1. The Green Mountains are in the State of Vermont. 

2. Mount Mansfield is in the northern part of Vermont. 

,, ,, is forty-four hundred. 

8. Camels Hump is in the northern part of Vermont. 
4. Killington Peak is in the State of Vermont. 
JRivers. 

1. The Missisque River is in the northern part of 
Vermont. 

The Missisque River rises in Canada, and empties into 
Lake Champlain. 

2. The Lamoille River is in the northern part of 
Vermont. 

The Lamoille River is in the northern part of Vermont, 
and empties into Lake Champlain. 

3. The Onion River is in the State of Vermont. 

>? J J ?? 57 5? J) )j ?> ^^^ 

empties into Lake Champlain. 

4. The Otter River is in the State of Vermont. 

,, ,, ,, rises in the Green Mountains, and 
empties into Lake Champlain. 

5. The West River is in the southern part of Vermont. 

,, ,, ,, rises in the Green Mountains, and 
empties into the Connecticut River. 

6. White River is in the State of Vermont. 

,, ,, rises in the Green Mountains, and emp- 
ties into the Connecticut River. 



48 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

Lakes. 

1. Lake Cliamplain is west of tlie Green Mountains. 

,, ,, is one hundred and twenty. 

2. Lake Memphremagog is in the northern part of 
Vermont. 

Cities and Towns, 
* Montpelier. 

a Chelsea is in the State of Vermont. 
b Randolph. h Guildhall. 

c Burlington. i Barnet. 

d Milton. j Newburg. 

e Newport. k Bennington. 

f Derby. / Manchester. 

g- Lemington. m Brattleboro. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

1. Massachusetts lies south of New Hampshire and 
Vermont, and north of Connecticut and Rhode Island. It 
extends from New York, eastward, to the Atlantic Ocean. 

2. The surface is generally rough and broken. The 
middle and south-eastern parts are hilly. In the south- 
eastern counties, the land is level and sandy, and the 
western part, mountainous. 

3. The soil generally is not fertile, or favorable to 
agriculture. The most fertile lands are in the centre of the 
State, and along the Connecticut and Housatonic Rivers. 
Along the sea-coast, the soil is generally poor. 

4. This State was first settled by a company of Eng- 
lish Puritans, who fled from England to Holland, to escape 
religious persecution. They subsequently emigrated to 
America, and in 1620 established a settlement at Plymouth. 

5. Massachusetts is the oldest, wealthiest, and most 
populous of the New England States, and is the most 



THE EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. 49 

densely settled State in the Union. It is distinguislied for 
the liberality, intelligence, enterprise, and public spirit of 
its citizens. 

6. In educational enterprise, Massachusetts stands 
alone and unrivaled. The literary, charitable, and re- 
ligious institutions of the State are remarkable and impor- 
tant. Its colleges, public and private schools are numerous, 
and rank among the first class. 

7. Massachusetts is celebrated for its commerce, man- 
ufactures and fisheries. In amount of commerce, it ranks 
as the second State in the Union ; in the manufacture of 
leather, cotton, wool, and paper, as the first. 

8. The people are also extensively engaged in the fish- 
eries ; three -fifths of all the fishing tonnage of the country 
belongs to this State. 

9. The State is not more celebrated for its commerce, 
manufactures, and fisheries than the moral qualities of the 
people engaged in these pursuits of industry. The intelli- 
gence, and happiness of the operatives are well known. 

10. The principal agricultural productions are indian 
corn, grass, rye, wheat, oats, and potatoes. Grain is not 
produced in sufficient quantities for home consumption. 

11. Among the mineral products are iron ore, which 
is found in Bristol and Plymouth, in large quantities ; 
marble and limestone, in Stockbridge ; granite and sienite 
are quarried at Quincy, Chelmsford, and other places. 

12. Massachusetts has more miles of railroad, in pro- 
portion to territory, than any other State. No less than 
eight difi'erent roads center in the city of Boston. 

13. The climate is severe in winter ; and in the spring, 
chilling winds prevail from the east. The summers are 
very pleasant, 
4 



^Q DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

14. Area in square miles, 7,800. Population in 1860, 
1,231,065 : inhabitants to a square mile, 158. Counties 14. 

15. Cities and Towns. —Boston, the capital of the 
State, is situated at the head of Massachusetts Bay, near 
the confluence of the Charles and Mystic Rivers. The city 
consists of three parts, Boston proper, East Boston, and 
South Boston. It is the largest seaport in New England, 
and the second commercial city in the United States. 
Boston is the literary and commercial metropolis of the 
Eastern States, and is known as the Athens of America. 
Among the public buildings, the State-House is the most 
prominent, from its position. It is situated on the highest 
eminence in the city, directly in front of the celebrated 
^'Boston Common," which is a beautiful park of about 50 
acres. The most imposing building, on account of its 
historical associations, is Faneuil Hall, held in sacred vene- 
ration as the "Cradle of American Liberty." Patriotic 
meetings were held in it during the Revolution. Boston is 
432 miles north-east from Washington. 

16. Lowell, on the Merrimac, is one of the largest 
manufacturing cities in the United States. It is styled 
the "Manchester of America." Upwards of 10,000 fe- 
males are employed in the factories, many of whom devote 
their leisure hours to literature and the fine arts. 

17. Salem is noted for its wealth and commerce. The 
East India trade is mostly carried on from this place. 

18. Charlestown and Cambridge are connected with 
Boston by bridges. The former contains the Bunker Hill 
monument, commemorative of the battle fought there dur- 
ing the War of Independence. It is a beautiful granite 
structure, 221 feet in hight. The United States navy yard 



THE EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. 5| 

and State prison are located here. Cambridge is the seat 
of Harvard University, the oldest and most richly endowed 
institution of learning in the United States. 

19. Plymouth is 36 miles south-east from Boston, and 
is ever memorable as the spot, where the Pilgrim Fathers, 
in 1620, formed the first permanent settlement in New 
England. 

20. Lynn is noted for the manufacture of shoes. An- 
dover is the seat of the oldest theological seminary in the 
Union. 

21. Lawrence, Waltham, Taunton, Canton, Spring- 
field, Ware, Fall River, and Pawtucket are all important 
manufacturing towns ; Amherst, Williamstown, and New- 
ton are seats of literary institutions ; Worcester, Groton, 
Pittsfield are railroad centers. 

Key to Massaclitisetts. 

4. Massachusetts. 
The State of Massachusetts is south op New Hampshire. 

the capital the city of Boston. 

Moitn tains. 

1. Mt. Wachusett is in in the State of Massachusetts. 
,, ,, ,, twenty hundred. 

2. Mt. Holyoke is in the State of Massachusetts. 

3. Mt. Tom is in western Massachusetts. 

,, ,, is twelve hundred. 

4. Saddle Mount is in western Massachusetts. 

5. Bald Peak ,, ,, ,, ,, 

Rivers. 
1 . The Chichopee River is in the State of Massachusetts, 

J) ?/ ?) If 5J J) ly n 7> 

and empties into the Connecticut River. 



52 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

2. Miller's River is in northern Massachusetts. 

,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, and empties 

into the Connecticut River. 

3. Deei-field River is in western Massachusetts. 

The ,, ,, rises in Vermont and empties into 

the Connecticut River. 

4. Westfield River is in western Massachusetts. 

The ,, ,, rises in the Green Mountains, and 

empties into the Connecticut River. 

5. The Concord River is in northern Massachusetts. 

empties into the Merrimac River. 

6. TheBlackstone River is in the State of Massachusetts. 

?? ?5 >>5>5>?) >? j5 )» and 

empties into Nan*agansett Bay. 

Bai/s. 

1. Massachusetts Bay is on the coast of Massachusetts. 

2. Cape Cod Bay ,, ,, ,, „ „ „ 

3. Buzzards Bay ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, 

Capes. 

1. Cape Cod is on the coast of Massachusetts. 

2. Cape Ann ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, „ 

Islands. 

1. Nantucket Island is on the coast of Massachusetts. 

2. Martha's Vineyard ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, 

Cities and Towns, 
* Boston. 

a The city of Cambridge is in eastern Massachusetts. 

b Lowell. /Andover. 

c Salem. g Duxbury. 

d Worcester. h Plymouth. 

e Springfield. i Rochester. 



THE EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. 53 

j New Bedford. o Pittsfield. 

k Fitchburg. ;? Lee. 

/ Amherst. q Sheffield. 

7)1 Westfield. r Taunton. 

n Greenfield. 5 Fall River. 

RHODE ISLAI¥I>. 

1. This State borders Connecticut on the East It is 
the smallest State in the Union, and was first settled at 
Providence in 1636, by Roger Williams. Its greatest lenjth 
from north to south, is about 47 miles, and its greatest 
breadth 37. 

2. The north-western part of the State is hilly and 
rocky, but along the coast it is generally level. There are 
no mountains or extensive forests in Rhode Island. Mt. 
Hope is the highest elevation in the State, and was once 
the residence of the Indian King Philip. 

3. The State is finely situated for commerce, and is 
well watered by numerous small streams, which afi*ord ample 
water-power. Narragansett Bay, a beautiful body of wa- 
ter, divides the State into two parts. It is 30 miles in 
length, and 15 in breadth, and contains many beautiful 
islands. 

4. In the north-western part, the soil is generally 
poor and difficult of cultivation ; in the southern portion, it 
is level and well adapted to grazing. The best lands are 
along the shores of Narragansett Bay. 

5. From the proximity of the entire state to the sea, 
the climate is rendered more mild and moderate than that 
of Massachusetts. 

6. Rhode Island was the first state that engaged in the 
cotton manufacture, in which, it now stands pre-eminent. 



54 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

The first cotton-mill in the United States was built here 
in 1790. 

7. The legislature of the State holds its sessions at 
five different places : Providence, Newport, South Kingston, 
East Greenwich, and Bristol. The first two cities are re- 
garded as the capitals ol the State. 

8. Area, 1340 square miles ; population in 1860, 
174,621. ; inhabitants to a square mile, 130. Counties, 5. 

9. Cities and Towns. — Providence, one oE the capitals, 
is situated at the head of Narragansett Bay, about 30 miles 
from the sea. It contains an area of about 9 square miles, 
and is divided into two parts by the Providence River, 
united by bridges. It has a fine barber, and the largest 
ships can come up to its warves. Brown University, a well 
endowed institution of learning, is situated in the eastern 
part of the city. Distance, 394 miles north-west from 
Washington. 

10. Newport, the other capital, is situated on the 
south-west part of the island of Rhode Island. It has one 
of the finest harbors in the world, and from the beauty of 
of its situation and salubrious climate, it has become one 
of the most fashionable resorts for sea-bathing in the 
Union. Rhode Island, on which Newport is situated, on 
account of its beauty and fertility, is styled the "Eden of 
America." It is 15 miles long, and averages 3^ broad. 

11. Pawtucket is situated on both sides of the Paw- 
tucket River, and lies partly in Rhode Island and partly in 
Massachusetts. It is celebrated as being the place where 
the first cotton mill was established in America, by Samuel 
Slater. 

12. Bristol has a fine harbor, and is extensively 



THE EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. 55 

engaged in the coasting trade and the fisheries. Smithfield, 

Warwick, Slatersville, and Valley Falls are all important 

towns. 

Key to Rbode Island. 

5. Rhode Island. 
The State of Rhode Island is south of Massachusetts. 

the capital, the city of Providence. 

Ciizes arid Towns. 
^ Providence. 

a East Greenwich is in the State of Rhode Island. 
b South Kingston. c Coventry. 

d North Kingston. 

CONNECTICUT. 

1. Connecticut lies east of New York, and south of 
Massachusetts, and is the most southern State of New 
England. 

2. The State, though not mountainous, is traversed by 
several eminences, rather than by a continuous range. 
Much of the surface is rough and rugged ; there are but 
few level tracks. 

3. The great body of the State is excellent land, and 
well adapted to agriculture. The soil is generally fertile. 
The best soil is in the valleys of the Connecticut and Housa- 
tonic Rivers. The eastern and north-western parts of the 
State are best fitted for grazing. Vegetation commences 
a little earlier here, than in the other New England States. 

4. The principal agricultural productions are corn, 
oats, rye, hay, potatoes, butter, cheese, and tobacco. 
Almost every farm has an orchard, and great quantities of 
cider are made annually. 

5. The mineral products are iron, copper and marble ; 
a valuable lead mine has been discovered near Middletown. 



56 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

6. The climate is similai- to that oP Rhode Island ; 
though subject to sudden changes, it is remarkably healthy. 

7. The inhabitants are mainly of British origin, and 
have long been considered as a most energetic race. They 
are noted for their habits of industry and economy. Her 
sons are scattered throughout every State, and carry with 
them the cherished principles of their native land, — '^the 
land of steady habits." In every department of life, they 
stand pre-eminent. 

8. In point of commercial importance, Connecticut 
ranks third among the Eastern States. Providence affords 
a market for the eastern portion of the State, and New 
York for the western. 

9. The manufactures are extensive, and of great va- 
riety. The principal articles are cotton, woollen, and silk 
goods ; clocks, combs, cutlery, buttons, axes, scythes, paper, 
and pins. 

10. The State is noted for the excellence of its literary 
institutions. The provision for public education is ample 
and liberal ; the school-fund, compared with the popula- 
tion, being the largest of any State in the Union. 

11. Ai-ea, 4764 square miles, population in 1860, 
460,151 ; inhabitants to a square mile, 98. Counties, 8. 

12. Cities and Towns. — Hartford, one of the capitals, 
is situated on the west bank of the Connecticut Kiver, 50 
miles from its mouth. It is the oldest town in the State, 
having been founded in 1635. The city is beautifully lo- 
cated, and has considerable commerce. It is the seat of 
Trinity College, and of the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, 
the first institution of the kind established in the United 
States. There is also an Insane Asylum. The ''Old 
Charter Oak," so celebrated in New England history, is 



THE EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. 57 

still standing, (1864) and affords great attraction and 
interest to visitors from all parts of the country. Distance, 
335 miles north-east from Washington. 

13. New Haven, the other capital, is situated at the 
head of New Haven Bay, about 4 miles from Long Island 
Sound. It is built in squares, and considered one of the 
handsomest cities in the Union. The city consists of two 
parts ; the old town and the new, and almost every house 
has a garden in front, with shrubbery, vines, and flowers. 
New Haven is the seat of Yale College, one of the oldest 
and most celebrated institutions of learning in the United 
States. The sessions of the legislature are alternately held 
here and at Hartford. Distance, 301 miles north-east from 
Washington. 

14. Norwich is on the Thames River, at the head of 
navigation. It is the third city in point of population, and 
is noted for its manufactures. 

15. New London is 14 miles south of Norwich, near 
the mouth of the Thames River. It has a fine harbor, and is 
actively engaged in the seal and whale fisheries. 

16. Middletown is 15 miles below Hartford, on the 
right bank of the Connecticut. The Wesleyan University 
is located here. 

17. Bridgeport, a small but flourishing city, is in the 
southern part of the State. 

18. Bristol and Plymouth are noted for the manu- 
facture of clocks ; Collinsville, for axes, and Waterbury 
for pins. Saybrook was the first place settled by the 
English. 

Key to Connecticut. 

6. Connecticut. 
^^he State of Connecticut is south of Massachusetts. 



58 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

The State of Connecticut is south ot* Massachusetts, 
the capital the city of Hartford. 

Rivers, 

1. The Connecticut River flows through Connecticut. 
The ,, ,, rises in Lake Connecticut, 

and empties into Long Island Sound. 

The Connecticut River is four hundred. 

2. The Housatonic River is in western Connecticut. 
The ,, ,, rises in Massachusetts, and 

empties into Long Island Sound. 

The Housatonic River is one and a half hundred. 

3. The Naugatuck River is in western Connecticut. 
The „ ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, and 

empties into the Housatonic River. 

4. The Quinebaug River is in eastern Connecticut. 
The ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, and 

empties into the Willimantic River. 

5. The Willimantic River is in the State of Connecticut. 

J-^^ >7 )> 5? 55 J5 5 5 5 5 5 5 

and empties into Long Island Sound. 

6. Farmington River is in the State of Connecticut. 

55 55 55 55 55 55 55 5> 

and empties into the Connecticut River. 

Sounds. 
1. Long Island Sound is south of Connecticut. 

I^ong „ ,, „ ,, „ „ and 

opens into the Atlantic Ocean. 

Long Island Sound is one hundred and twenty. 

Cities and Towns. 
^ Hartford. 

a The city of New Haven is in tlie State of Connecticut. 
6 Middletown. ^ East Hartford. /Wallingford. 

c Saybrook. e Enfield. g Britain. 



THE MIDDLE STATES. 



1. The Middle States are so called from their geo- 
graphical position. They are New York, New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, and Delaware. This section lies immediately 
west of New England, and east of Ohio. 

2. These States are remarkable for their diversity of 
surface. The Alleghany, the Blue, the Schooley, and the 
Adirondack Mountains traverse the Middle States from 
south-west to north-east. These mountain ranges are for 
the most part covered with thick forests to their summits; 
and between them lie beautiful and fertile valleys, com- 
prising the most wealthy and finely cultivated districts in 
this section. 

3. The climate, on the whole, is more mild and mode- 
rate than that of the Eastern States. In the northern part of 
New York, however, the winters are long, cold, and severe, 
but quite healthy. 

4. The soil is generally fertile, well cultivated, and 
yields vast quantities of all kinds of grain. The staple 
productions of the soil are wheat, indian corn, tobacco, rye, 
oats, and barley. The mines yield an inexhaustable supply 
op coal, iron, and other useful minerals. Pennsylvania is 
celebrated for her coal regions, and the State is actively 



engaged in coal mining. 



59 



()0 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

5. The commerce of the Middle States is greater than 
that of any other section of the Union. Their advantageous 
location, and natural facilities for intercourse, will always 
give them pre-eminence in this pursuit. The trade is 
chiefly carried on by means of the canals and railroads, 
which extend through all parts of the country. 

6. The common school system is on a grand scale, 
well developed and amply supported by large appropriation 
of funds. The common school fund from all sources annu- 
ally appropriated, amounts to the enormous sum of 
$3,148,040. Nearly all children above four years of age 
attend school. 

7. The manufactures are extensive and various, em- 
ploying a vast amount of capital, and thousands of both 
sexes. 

8. The inhabitants of this section are mainly of British 
origin, excepting in some parts of New York and Penn- 
sylvania, where there are many Germans, who still speak 
their own language. 

XEW ¥ORK. 

1. New York forms the western boundary of the East- 
ern States. 

2. This State was first settled by the Dutch, in 1615, 
at New Amsterdam, now New York City, and at Fort 
Orange, now Albany. 

3. The State presents a great variety of surface. The 
south-eastern portion is crossed by two chains of the AUe- 
ghanies. The Adirondack Mountains, in the eastern part, 
extend northwardly as far as Saranac Lake, seperating the 
waters which flow into the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario, 
from those which flow into Lake Champlain and the Hudson 



THE MIDDLE STATES. 61 

River. The western part is generally level, except the 
southern tier of counties where the ranges of: the AUegha- 
nies terminate ; the northern and eastern parts are rough 
and hilly. 

4. The best soil is found in the vallej^s of the Mohawk 
and Hudson Rivers, and in the western part of the State. 

5. The winters are cold and severe in the northern 
portion of the State ; in the south-east, the cold and heat 
are somewhat modified by the air from the sea, and in the 
west, by the influence of the great lakes and the winds from 
the south. 

6. The agricultural productions are abundant and ex- 
cellent: they are wheat, oats, rye, buckwheat, potatoes, 
corn, barley, maple sugar, honey, dairy produce, and wool. 
Wheat is the staple production. 

7. Iron ore exists in abundance, and the manufacture 
of iron in this State is inferior only to that of Pennsyl- 
vania. The other important minerals are lead, limestone, 
and gypsum. 

8. The manufactures are various and important. 
Though New York is extensively engaged in manufactures, 
she is inferior in this respect to some of her sister States. 

9. As a commercial State, it surpasses all others in 
the Union. 

10. The railroads and canals are numerous and exten- 
sive. Of these the Erie Canal, the Central and Erie Rail- 
roads are among the most important in the United States. 

11. Salt springs are numerous, from which vast quan- 
tities of salt are manufactured. The most important are 
at Salina and Syracuse. 

12. The mineral springs of Ballston and Saratoga are 



62 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

well known for their medicinal properties. They are the 
resort in summer of the sick, the gay, and the fashionable 
from all parts of the United States, and the waters are ex- 
tensively exported to other countries. 

13. The Falls of Niagara, one of the most stupendous 
and magnificient cataracts on the globe, occur in the Niagara 
River which connects Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. The 
entire waters of the Niagara, are precipitated over a ledge 
of rocks 160 feet in hight, with a dreadful thundering roar. 
Visitors from all parts of the civilized world, assemble 
here in the summer season, to gaze upon this, the most fear- 
fully beautiful, and awe-inspiring scene in ail nature. 

14. One of the most important works in the State is 
the Croton Aquaduct, by which the city of New York is sup- 
plied with wholesome water from the Croton River, a dis- 
tance of 40 miles. It furnishes 60 million gallons of water 
daily, and cost 12J million dollars. 

15. Area, 46,500 square miles. Population in 1860 : 
3,887,542. Inhabitants to a square mile: 80. Counties: 60. 

16. Cities and Towns. — Albany, the capital, is situated 
on the west branch of the Hudson River, 145 miles from its 
mouth. It has an extensive inland trade, and is the termi- 
nating point of the Erie and Champlain canals, and of 
several important railroads. Albany is connected with the 
ocean by Hudson River, with the lakes, by the above named 
canals, and with Boston and Buffalo, by one of the finest 
railroads in the Union. Distance north-west of Washington : 
376 miles. 

17. New York City is in the south-east part of the 
State, on Manhattan Island, at the junction of the Hudson 
and East Rivers. In population, wealth, and commerce. 



THE MIDDLE STATES. 63 

New York is the greatest city on the American Continent. 
It is second only to London in the amount of its shipping. 
New York is a world within itself. "Within the circuit of 
this Empire City of the New World are mingled people of 
every nation, kindred, and tongue, exercising every art and 
profession known to man ; churches of every persuasion, 
people of all creeds ; institutions of every imaginary shade ; 
and man in all his phases and in every condition." The 
city is 13^ miles long, and If in average breadth. A 
battery is situated in the southern part of the city, in front 
of the harbor, one of the safest and most beautiful in the 
world. Distance from Washington, 226 miles north-east, 
and 18 from the Atlantic Ocean. 

18. Brooklyn, the "City of Churches," is situated on 
the west end of Long Island, opposite New l'"ork. The city 
is finely situated, and commands a delightful view of New 
York and the surrounding country. It is the favorite resi- 
dence of the merchants of New York, with which it is con- 
nected by SIX steam ferries. The United States Dry Dock, 
and Navy Yard are located here. 

19. Rochester is situated on both sides of the Genessee 
River, 7 miles from Lake Ontario, and 220 from Albany. 
This city owes its prosperity and rapid growth to the Erie 
Canal, and the vast water power afforded by the Genessee. 
In 35 years it has risen from a marshy wilderness to a pop- 
ulation of nearly 50,000, and ranks as the fourth city in 
the State. 

20. Troy is on the east bank of the Hudson, 6 miles 
above Albany. It is a thriving city, and the rival of Al- 
bany in business and enterprise. 

21. Buffalo is situated at the east end of Lake Eiie, 
and is the terminus of the Erie Canal. It is the great 



64 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

emporium of the trade on Lake Erie ; its port is constantly 
filled with shipping. 

22. Utica, located on the Mohawk River, is am im- 
portant trading city, being surrounded by a highly pro- 
ductive and populous country. 

23. Syracuse is on the east bank of Onondaga Creek. 
It is noted for its valuable salt manufactories. 

24. Among other important places may be mentioned 
West Point, the seat of the United States Military Academy; 
Hudson, an old trading town ; Sing Sing, the location of 
a State prison ; Schenectady, the seat of Union College ; 
Lockport, where the Erie Canal descends by five double 
locks ; Oswego, Elmira, and Plattsburg, the latter noted 
for two victories gained over the British in 1814. 

Key to Nevsr York. 

7. New York. 
The State of New York is north of Pennsylvania. 

1"® 5? ?> ?1 ?7 J> ?7 ?> J> ^^^ 

capital the city of Albany. 

Mouniaiiis. 

1. The Adirondack Mountains are in the State of New 
York. 

2. The Catskill Mountains are in the State of New 
York. 

3. Mount Marcy is in the Adirondack Mountains. 

,, ,, ,, fifty- four hundred. 

Rivers. 
1. The Hudson River is in eastern New York. 

,, ,, ,, rises in the Adirondack Moun- 

tains, and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. 
The Hudson River is three hundred. 



THE MIDDLE STATES. 65 

2. The Catskill Eiver is in the State of New York. 

?7 ?? 5 5 55 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5) ^^^ 

empties into the Hudson River. 

3. The Genesee River is in western New York. 

The ,, ,, rises in Pennsylvania, and emp- 
ties into Lake Ontario. 

The Genesee River is one and a-half hundred. 

4. The Black River is in northern New York. 

„ ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, andemp- 

ties into Lake Ontario. 

The Black River is one hundi-ed. 

5. Oswegatchie River is in northern New York. 



55 55 55 



empties into St. Lawrence River. 

6. The Racket River is in northern New York, 



55 55 



and 



and 



empties into the St. Lawrence River. 

The Racket River is one and a-half hundred. 

7. St. Regis River is in northern New York. 

,, ,, 5, rises in Adirondack Mountains, and 
empties into the St. St. Lawrence River. 

8. The Saranac River is in northern New York. 

,, ,, ,, rises in the Adirondack Mts., 

and empties into Lake Champlain. 

9. The Oswego River is in western New York. 

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 »> *^^ 

empties into Lake Ontario. 

10. The Chenango River is in the State of New York. 

55 55 5? 55 55 55 55 55 5) 

and empties into the Susquehanna River. 

11. The St. Lawrence River is in British America. 
5 



66 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

The St. Lawrence River rises in Lake Ontario, and 
empties into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 

The St. Lawrence River is seven and a-half hundred. 

Lakes. 

1. Lake George is in the State of New York. 

2. ,, Oneida is in western ,, ,, 

3. ,, Skaneateles is in the State of New York. 

4. ,, Owasco „ „ ,, „ ,, „ 

5. ,, Cayuga ,, ,, ,, „ „ ,, 

6. ,, Seneca is west of Lake Cayuga. 

7. ,, Canandaigua is west of Lake Seneca. 

8. ,, Chautauque is in south-west New York. 

9. ,, Ontario is west of New York. 

Islands, 
1. Long Island is south of Connecticut. 

Cities and Toiuns, 
* Albany. 

a Catskill is on the Hudson River. 

b Kingston „ ,, „ „ 

c West Point. o Bath. 

d Monticello. p Elmira. 

e Middleburg. q Buffalo. 

/ Delhi. r Dunkirk. 

g Norwich. s Cuba. 

h Binghamton. t Ellicottville. 

i Owego. u Athica. 

j Homer. v Warsaw. 

k Syracuse. w Rochester. 

/ Ithica. X Geneseo. 

m Ovid. y Canandaigua. 

n Auburn. z Schenectady. 



THE MIDDLE STATES. 67 

a Utica. g Oswego. 

b Rome. h St. Regis. 

C Clinton. i Troy. 

d Saratoga. j New York City. 

e Wells. k Brooklyn. 

f Martinsburg. 

NEW JERSEY. 

1. This State lies directly east of Pennsylvania. 

2. The northern part of the State is mountainous, the 
middle is diversified by hills and valleys, and is well adapted 
to grazing and grain. The southern portion is level and 
sandy and mostly barren. 

3. The soil is generally well cultivated, and produces 
the various grains common to this section of country. In 
the northern part, it is moderately fertile, and is well adapted 
to tillage and grazing ; while in the central and southern 
parts, it is light and sandy, requiring great care to render it 
productive and profitable. 

4. The climate is more moderate than that of New 
York, it being modified by the sea-air from the ocean. 

5. The chief productions are grain, butter, cheese, and 
live stock. Apple and peach orchards are numerous, cider 
is made in considerable quantities near Newark. 

6. The manufactures are varied and important ; the 
articles are cotton, wool, iron, paper, leather, glass and 
earthenware. The direct exports to foreign countries is of 
little importance, 

7. Farming is the chief occupation of the people. 
Garden vegetables and fine fruits in abundance are raised 
for the New York and Philadelphia markets. 



68 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

8. The mountainous regions abound in iron ore, from 
which large quantities of iron are made. 

9. This State was first settled by the Dutch at Bergen, 
about the year 1614. The inhabitants bore their full share 
ol the hardships of the Revolution, and some of the most 
important battles were fought here. 

10. Area in square miles, 8,320. Population in 1860, 
672,031 ; inhabitants to a square mile, 80. Counties, 20. 

11. Cities and Towns. — Trenton, the capital, is sit- 
uated on the left bank of the Delaware, at the head of 
steamboat navigation. It is 30 miles north-east from Phi- 
ladelphia, and 60 south-west of New York. Above the 
city, the river descends by rapids, or falls, and at the foot 
of this descent, it is spanned by a fine bridge 1,100 feet 
long, with five arches, supported by stone piers. Among 
the public buildings may be mentioned the State House, 
beautifully situated near the Delaware ; the Court House, 
the State Lunatic Asylum, and the State Penitentiary. 
Trenton is noted for the capture of the Hessians in 1776, 
by General Washington. Distance from Washington City, 
166 miles. 

12. Newark, on the Passaic River, 49 miles north-east 
of Trenton, and 9 miles west of New York, is the most 
populous city in the State. It is extensively engaged in 
manufactures ; among the principal articles we may men- 
tion carriages, clothing, paper-hangings, shoes, and India 
rubber. Newark cider has great celebrity. 

13. Princeton, 11 miles north-east of Trenten, is the 
seat of the college of New Jersey, and of a Presbyterian 
Theological Seminary. It is also famous for a victory 
gained by Washington over the British. 



THE MIDDLE STATES. 69 

14. Paterson, situated on the right bank of the Passaic, 
is the second citv in popuhition and manufactures. 

15. Jersey City is located on the Hudson River, at its 
entrance into New York Bay. The Cunard line of steamers 
runs from this port to Liverpool. 

16. New Brunswick, on the Raritan, is in the midst 
of a fertile district, and has considerable trade and manu- 
factures. It is noted as being the seat of Rutgers College. 

17. Springfield is noted for its paper-mills. Cape 
May, Atlantic City, and Long Beach are celebrated bathing 
places. 

Key to Xew Jersey. 
8. New Jersey. 
The State of New Jersey is east of Pennsylvania. 
The ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, the 

capital the city of Trenton. 

Rivers. 

1. The Delaware River is west of New Jersey. 

,, ,, ,, rises in New York, and empties 

into the Delaware Bay. 

The Delaware River is three hundred. 

2. The Passaic River is in northern New Jersey. 

empties into the Atlantic Ocean. 

The Passaic River is one hundred. 

3. The Raritan River is in the State of New Jersey, 

5? ?? )5 ?? ?J ?> ?> -Il "I") 

and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. 

4. Little Egg Harbor River is in the State of New 
Jersey. 

Little Egg Harbor River is in the State of New Jersey 
and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. 



70 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

5. Great Egg Harbor River is in southern New Jersey. 

5? J5 55 5> 95 >5 5> 55 

and empties into the Atlantic Ocean, 

Capes, 
1. Cape May is in southern New Jersey. 

Cities and Towns. 
^ Trenton. 

a The city of Princeton is in the State of New Jersey. 

b New Brunswick. h Bridgeton. 

c Newark. i Salem. 

d Patterson. j Belvidere. 

e Camden. k Middletown. 

/ Woodbury. / Summerville. 
g Cape Island City. 

PEIVIVSYILVANIA. 

1. Pennsylvania is situated south of New York, and 
west of New Jersey. 

2. The Territory of Pennsylvania was granted to Wm. 
Penn, by James II., of England, in 1681 ; and was settled 
by him, in the following year, where Philadelphia now stands. 

3. The surface is greatly varied. It is traversed from 
south-west to north-east, by the various ridges of the 
Alleghany Mountains. The interior is mountainous, while 
the eastern and western sections are level or moderately 
hilly. 

4. The soil is generally good, particularly in the 
valleys. In the mountainous districts, the land is valuable 
for pasturage. 

5. The soil is well cultivated, and produces in abun- 
dance wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, native grapes, and fruits 
of all kinds. 



THE MIDDLE STATES. 71 

6. In wealth and population, Pennsylvania ranks as 
the second State in the Union. It is styled the "Keystone" 
State. 

7. The mineral wealth of the State is very great ; it is 
noted as the great mining district of the United States. 

West of the mountains are vast fields of bituminous 
coal. The anthracite coal region lies between the Blue Ridge 
and the north branch of the Susquehanna. Iron and lime 
are found in vast quantities. Nearly half the iron that is 
produced in the country, is manufactured in this State. 
Salt springs are numerous. 

8. The canals and railroads, already completed, are 
extensive and important, and are rapidly increasing the 
wealth and prosperity of the State. 

9. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in agriculture, 
mining, and manufactures. In extent and variety of the 
latter, Pennsylvania ranks among the first in the Union. 

10. The exports consist mainly of flour, Indian corn, 
lard, butter, coal, and iron. In foreign commerce, the 
State ranks fourth. 

11. The length oE the State is about 310 miles, and 
its greatest breadth about 160. 

12. The climate is somewhat variable, though exceeding- 
ly healthy. 

13. The common school system of education, adopted 
in Pennsylvania in 1834, is now almost universal. The 
school fund for the year 1855, amounted to $1,414,530, — 
the number of schools in the State, 10,469, whole number 
of scholars, 539,024. 

14. Girard College, for orphans, the finest specimen 
of Grecian architecture in America, was endowed by the 
munificence of Stephen Girard, a wealthy merchant of 



72 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

Philadelphia, who donated two million dollars for its erec- 
tion and support. 

15. Area : 46,000 square miles. Area of the coal 
region: 15,437 square miles. Population in 1860 : 2,906,- 
370. Inhabitants to the square mile : 63. Counties: 64. 

16. Cities and Towns. — Harrisburg, the capital of the 
State, is situated on the Susquehanna, 106 miles north-west 
of Philadelphia, and 110 miles from Washington. The city 
is pleasantly situated, and contains the State Capital, Luna- 
tic Asylum, and other pubic buildings. The fine bridge over 
the Susquehanna, is 2876 feet long, and 50 above the water. 
A short distance below it, is the viaduct of the Cumberland 
Valley Railroad, a beautiful and substantial structure. 

17. Philadelphia, the metropolis ol Pennsylvania, and 
the second city in the Union, is situated on the west bank 
of the Delaware River, 100 miles from the sea. It was laid 
out with beautiful regularity and neatness in 1683, by its 
illustrious founder, William Penn. The city is noted for 
the cleanliness and regularity of its streets, its fine squares, 
ornamented with shade-trees and shrubbery, and its public 
buildings of great cost and elegance. The old State House, 
or Independence Hall, is an object of great interest to every 
American citizen. In it was decreed and signed, the 
Declaration of American Independence by the Continental 
Congress, on the 4th of July 1776. 

18. Philadelphia is celebrated for its literature and; 
science. It is the seat of the University of Pennsylvania,;; 
and of Jefferson College, one of the most noted Medical 
schools in the United States. Here is the Female Medical 
and Surgical College, the first ever established. The Aca- 
demy of Natural Sciences possesses one of the most valuable 
museums in the world. 



THE MIDDLE STATES. 73 

19. The city is supplied with pure water, by the Fair- 
mount Water-Works, which is conveyed m pipes under 
ground, in every direction. Close to these works is the Sus- 
pension Bridge, 357 feet long, and 30 feet above the surface 
of the river. Distance from Washington, 136 miles 
north-east. 

20. Pittsburg, the * ^Birmingham of America," is sit- 
uated on the head- waters of the Ohio, at the junction of the 
Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers, 297 miles west of Phila- 
delphia. It is especially noted for its manufacture of vast 
quantities of iron, and the immense bituminous coal beds in 
its vicinity, which. supply fuel for the numerous manufact- 
uring establishments. Alleghany City, on the opposite side 
ot* the Alleghany River, and Birmingham, on the left bank 
of the Monongahela, are suburbs of Pittsburg, and connected 
with it, by bridges and steam ferry-boats. The commerce 
of the city is very extensive. Pittsburg is the second city in 
Pennsylvania, and is the gate of commerce between the 
eastern and western parts of the State. 

21. Lancaster, is a beautifuU inland city, situated in 
a populous and highly cultivated region, 70 miles west of 
Philadelphia. It is a thoroughfare between the latter city 
and the west, and is a place of considerable trade. 

22. Erie, a port of entry on Lake Erie, is noted for 
its fine harbor, being one of the best and safest on the 
lakes. 

23. Reading is a pleasant place, situated on the east 
bank of the Schuykill river. It ranks fourth in the State, 
with respect to population and manufactures. 

24. Pottsville is a flourishing town, and owes its 
importance to the coal mines in its vicinity. 



74 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

25. Carlisle, Easton, York, Chambersburg, German- 
town, Bristol, Lebanon, Bethlehem, Wilkesbarre, Gettysburg, 
and West- Chester, are all important towns, 
liey to Pemnsylvania. 
9. Pennsylvania. 
The State of Pennsylrania is west of New Jersey. 

capital the city of Harrisburg. 

Mountains 
1. The Blue Mountains are in the State of Pennsyl- 
vania 

Hivers. 

1. The Susquehanna River is in the State of Pennsyl- 
vania. 

The Susquehanna River rises in New York, and empties 
into the Chesapeake Bay. 

The Susquehanna River is four and a-half hundred. 

2. West Branch of the Susquehanna. 

3. The Juniata River is in the State of Pennsylvania. 
,, ,, ,, rises in the Alleghany Mts. and 

empties into the Susquehanna River. 

The Juniata River is one and a-half hundred. 

4. The Alleghany River is in western Pennsylvania. 

?) )> 5 5 5 5 ?5 >> ^^^ 

empties into the Ohio River. 

The Alleghany River is four hundred. 

5. The Monongahela River is in western Pennsylvania. 
,, ,, ,, rises in west Virginia, and 

empties into the Ohio River. 

The Monongahela River is thi-ee hundred. 

6. The Chenango River is in western Pennsylvania. 



THE MIDDLE STATES. 75 

The Chenango River is in western Pennsylvania, and 
empties into the Ohio River. 

7. The Youghiogheny River is in western Pennsylvania. 

,, ,, ,, rises in the Alleghany Mts., 

and empties into the Monongahela River 

8. The Lehigh River is in eastern Pennsylvania. 

empties into the Delaware River. 

9. The Schuylkill River is in eastern Pennsylvania. 

empties into the Delaware River. 

Cities and Towns, 

* Harrisburg. 

a The city of Lancaster is in the State of Penn. 

b Columbia. c York. 

d Gettysburg is in southern Pennsylvania. 

,, ,, ,, ,, and noted in 

the American Rebellion. 

e Philadelphia. t McConnellstown. 

/ Reading. ic Somerset. 

g Pottsville. V Union. 

h Westchester. w Miflin. 

i Germantown. x Lewistown. 

j AUentown. y Hollidaysburg. 

k Mauch Chunk. z Clearfield. 

/ White Haven. a Sunbury. 

m Easton. b Danville. 

n Stroudsburg. C Wilkesbarre. 

o Mill ford. d Towanda. 

p Honesdale. e Pittsburg. 

q Damascus. f Birmingham. 

r Carlisle. g Canonsburg. 

s Chambersburg, h Kittanning. 



76 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

i Butler. n Blossburg. 
j Mercer. Coudersport. 

k Erie. p Smethport. 

1 Meadville. q Warren. 

m Williamsport. 

DELAWARE. 

1. Delaware, the smallest State in the Union, except 
Rhode Island, is situated east of Maryland, and south-west 
of New Jersey. It is about 96 miles in length, and its 
greatest breadth 70. 

2. This State was originally settled by a colony of 
Swedes in 1643. It was subsequently taken by the Dutch, 
and afterward by the English. About one fourth of the 
population are blacks. 

3. The State is generally level, except the northern 
part, which is somewhat rugged and hilly. On the table 
land, which traverses the State from north to south, is a 
chain of swamps, which gives rise to various streams that 
descend into the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. There 
are no mountains in the State. 

4. The soil in the northern part, and along the shore 
of the Delaware Bay is rich, and well adapted to agricul- 
ture. The southern portion of the State is light and sandy. 

5. The Staple productions are wheat, Indian corn, 
and butter. The wheat is generally of an excellent quality. 

6. Delaware is not rich in mineral productions. Bog 
iron is found, to some extent, in the southern part of the 
State, and a fine sand, for ghiss manufacture, near the head 
of Delaware Bay. 

7. The proximity of the State to the Atlantic coast, 
renders the climate mild and moderate, and highly favorable 



THE MIDDLE STATES. Yf 

to agriculture. The entire State is under the influence of 
the sea-air. 

8. In the northern part is the Chesapeake and Dela- 
ware Canal, extending from east to west, and connecting 
the two bays. The railroads are not numerous. 

9. Manufactures and agriculture form the leading pur- 
suits. The State is extensively engaged in the manufac- 
ture of powder, paper, leather, cotton, and woollen goods, 
&c., which are its main dependence. Flouring mills are 
numerous and extensive, and Delaware flour takes a high 
stand in the market. 

10. The exports consist chiefly of lumber, flour, sand 
for the manufacture of glass, and great quantities of 
peaches. 

11. Area, 2,120 square miles. Population in 1860, 
112,218 ; inhabitants to a square mile, 56. Counties, 3. 

12. Cities and Towns. — Dover, the capital, is situated 
on Jones' Creek, about the middle of the State. It con- 
tains a handsome State House, and carries on a consider- 
able flour trade with Philadelphia. Distance from Wash- 
ington, 114 miles. 

13. Wilmington is the chief seaport and largest town 
in the State, situated between Brandy wine and Christiana 
Creeks, just above their confluence. It is well built, has 
considerable commerce, and contains a city hall, several 
excellent academies, banks, churches, &c. Wilmington is 
noted for its fine collection of flour mills in its vicinity. It 
is 70 miles from Baltimore, and 28 from Philadelphia, and 
connected with them by railroad. 

14. Lewe§, formerly known as Lewistown, is located 
on Delaware Bay, 45 miles south-east of Dover. It is the 



78 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. .. 

oldest town in the State, and is a place of resort during the 
bathing-season. 

15. Directly opposite Lewes is the Delaware Break- 
water. It was constructed by the General Government to 
afford shelter for shipping during stormy weather, and 
also to protect vessels in winter from floating ice. It con- 
sists of two stone dykes, each 75 feet wide. One is 3,600, 
and the other 1,500 feet long, and cost two and a-half 
million dollars. 

16. Newark, in the northern part of the State, is the 
seat ot^ Delaware College. 

17. Newcastle is situated on Delaware Bay, and has 
considerable trade with Philadelphia. 

Key to Delaware. 

10. Delaware. 
The State of Delaware is east of Maryland. 
,, ,, „ ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, the capital 

the city of Dover. 

Bays. 
1. Delaware Bay is east of the State of Delaware. 

ODens into the Atlantic Ocean. 

Capes. 
1. Cape Henlopen is on the coast of Delaware. 

Cities and Towns. 
^- Dover. 

a The city of Wilmington is in the State of Delaware. 
b Georgetown is in the State of Delaware. 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. 



1. The Southern States form the south-eastern por- 
tion of the Union, extending from the State of Delaware 
to the Rio Grande. 

2. In this section are included the States of Maryland, 
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Flori- 
da, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. It is a 
remarkable fact, that every southern State has more or less 
sea coast. 

3. The shores of these States are washed on the east 
by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the south by the Gulf of 
Mexico. The coast is indented with numerous bays and 
inlets, and lined with many islands and reefs, which render 
navigation diflSicult and dangerous. 

4. The country along the sea coast is generally sandy, 
and often low and swampy. The surface in the interior is 
frequently hilly and mountainous, and greatly diversified. 
The mountains are more extensive in the Atlantic States, 
and the highest, and most noted are found in North Caro- 
lina. In some of the States, a large portion consists of 
prairie, and is well adapted to agriculture and grazing. 

5. The inhabitants of the Southern States are chiefly 
engaged in agriculture ; and many of them own large plan- 
tations, cultivated by slaves. The staple productions nre 

79 



80 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

cotton, rice, sugar, and tobacco. Corn and wheat are also 
produced in considerable quantities. 

6. In most of the States, iron, coal, and salt abound. 
Gold is found in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Georgia, and Alabama. 

7. Foreign commerce is comparatively limited, except- 
ing in Texas and Louisiana ; the coasting trade, however, 
is very extensive. 

8. The population of the Southern States is mainly of 
British origin. Many of the descendents, however, are of 
the French and Spanish colonists, especially in Florida and 
Louisiana. The French language is still spoken to some 
extent in Louisiana, and the laws and some of the news- 
papers are published both in French and English. 

9. Education is less general in this section, than in 
a'ly other portion of the Union. The common school system 
:?o celebrated in this country, and to which the safety and 
perpetuity of the Government, the intelligence, genius, 
and prosperity of the masses are indebted, is but little 
understood, and poorly developed. The wealthy classes, 
are generally well educated, polite, and courteous, and 
noted for their hospitality. 

10. About two-fifths of the population are Negroes, who 
constitute a separate class, and are held in slavery. The 
Indians who once formed a considerable portion of the 
population, have nearly all emigrated to the Indian Terri- 
tory west of Arkansas. 

11. The railroad system is considerably developed, 
particularly in Georgia and Alabama. Many important 
roads have already been constructed, and others are in pro- 
gress, which will greatly add to the wealth and power of 
this section of the Union. 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. 

12. The proprietors of tlie upland regions are mostly 
farmers with smaller estates, and fewer slaves, than are 
owned by the planters in the low country. They often work 
on their farms themselves, and the poor white class is usually 
rude and ignorant. 

13. The upper class, or southern gentlemen, are fond 
of amusements, among which hunting is the most attractive. 

14. The slave system and mildness of climate lead to 
neglect and indilTerence in respect to houses, dress, furni- 
ture, and consequently, the traveler does not find here the 
same neat, thriving villages, nor the comfortable modes of 
living, that characterize the more northern portions of the 
country. 

15. The climate of the Southern States varies consid- 
erably. In Virginia it is mild, but grows warmer south- 
ward, until, along the Gulf of Mexico, snow or frost is sel- 
dom seen, and olives, oranges, figs, and lemons are produced 
in abundance. 

MARYL.AND. 

1. The State of Maryland lies east oE Virginia, and 
south of Pennsylvania. 

2. The first permanent settlement within the limits of 
Maryland was made on the Island of Kent, in Chesapeake 
Say, in 1632, by William Claiborne- The State was regu- 
larly settled by a body of 100 Roman Catholics, in 1634, 
under Lord Baltimore, whose just and liberal government 
attracted settlers from all quarters. The State was named 
in honor of Henrietta Maria, the queen of Charles I. 

3. Maryland is divided by the Chesapeake Bay into 

two parts, called the eastern, and western shores. The 

land on the eastern shore is low and level. The southern 
6 



82 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

part of the western shore is principally level, but gradually 
becomes hilly northward. The western portion of Maryland 
is rugged and mountainous, being intersected by the Alle- 
ghanies. 

4. The soil, in the valleys of the middle and northern 
parts of the State, is very fertile and productive, particu- 
larly some of the limestone tracts in the western counties ; 
that of the eastern shore, and part of the western, is light 
and sandy and requires considerable care and skill in its 
cultivation to make it productive. 

5. In agriculture, manufactures, and commerce, the 
State holds a respectable rank. The principal productions 
are flour and tobacco. In the amount of tobacco produced, 
Maryland ranks third in the Union. Wheat and Indian 
corn are also extensively produced. 

6. The principal articles of manufacture are cotton, 
woollen goods, iron, leather, glass, shot, and gunpowder. 
Great quantities of flour and tobacco are exported to foreign 
countries. Maryland flour is considered the best in the 
market. 

7. The chief minerals are iron and coal. The former 
is found in various parts of the State, the latter chiefly in 
the western portion. 

8. The climate in the northern part of the State is 
similar to that of Pennsylvania, but in the southern the 
winters are more moderate, and the summer seasons are hot, 
moist, and unhealthy. 

9. The annual school-fund in 1850, was $220,148; 
number of schools, 907; pupils, 33,251. 

10. Area, 10,750 square miles ; area of coal region, 
550 square miles. Population in 1860, 687,034 ; inhabi- 
tants to the square mile, 64. Counties, 21. 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. 83 

11. Cities and Towns. — Annapolis, the capital of 
Maryland, is situated on the Severn River, three miles from 
its entrance into Chesapeake Bay, and twenty miles south- 
east of Baltimore. It contains a handsome State House, 
and in it the old Continental Congress held some of its 
sessions, and the Senate Chamber, in which General Wash- 
ino'ton resigned his commission in 1783, at the close of the 
War of Independence, is still preserved unaltered. The 
United States Naval Academy, and St. John's College are 
located here. 

12. Baltimore, the largest city in the State, stands on 
a bay which runs up from the Patapsco River, 14 miles from 
Chesapeake Bay, and 200 from the sea. It has an exten- 
sive commerce, and is one of the greatest flour markets in 
the world. Many of its public edifices are splendid and 
costly. Among the finest of them are : the Exchange, the 
Maryland Institute, the City Hall, the House of Refuge, 
and the Roman Catholic Cathedral. Baltimore is often 
called the "Monumental City," chiefly from the two cele- 
brated monuments it contains : the Washington Monument, 
a beautiful Doric column 180 feet in hight and surmounted 
by a colossal statue of Washington 16 feet high, and the 
Battle Monument, 52 feet high, erected in memory of the 
patriots who fell in defense of the city against the British, 
in 1814. Distance from Washington, 38 miles. 

13. Fort McHenry is a short distance below Baltimore, 
and commands the entrance of the harbor. It was bom- 
barded by a British fleet, in 1814, but was so bravely de- 
fended, that the British were compelled to retire. 

14. Cumberland is situated on the north bank of the 
Potomac, 180 miles from Baltimore. In respect to popu- 



84 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

lation, it is the second city in the State, and is famous for 
its trade in coal. 

15. Frederick City is in the north-western part of the 
State, near the Potomac River. In commerce and wealth, 
it ranks second, and third in population. 

16. Easton and Cambridge are the principal towns on 
the eastern shore. Emmettsburg, in the northern part of 
the State, is the seat of Mount St. Mary's College. Ha- 
gerstown and Williamsport are also important places. 

Key to IHaryland. 

11. Maryland. 

The State of Maryland is west of Delaware 
,, ,, ,, ,, ,, 5, ,, ,, tne capital 
the city of Annapolis. 

1. The Patuxent River is in the State of Maryland. 

J» ?? 5 5 5 5 5? 5 5 5 5 5 5 '^^^ 

empties into the Chesapeake Bay. 

2. The Patapsco River is in the State of Maryland. 

5 5 •>■> 5 5 55 55 55 55 5 5 ^^^ 

empties into the Chesapeake Bay. 

Bays. 
1. The Chesapeake Bay is in the State of Maryland. 

55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 

and opens into the Atlantic Ocean. 

The Chesapeake Bay is two hundred. . 

Cities and Towns. 
* Annapolis. 

a The City of Baltimore is in the State of Maryland. 
b Upper Marlboro. c Port Tobacco. 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. 85 

d Prince Fredericktown. i Belair. 
e Leonardtown. j Emmettsburg. 

/ Rockville. k Hagerstown. 

^ Frederick. / Cumberland. 

h Havre de Grace. 

TIRGIIVIA. 

1. Virginia lies between Maryland and Pennsylvania 
on the north, and Tennessee and North Carolina on the 
south, extending from the Atlantic Ocean to the Ohio River. 
The average length of the State is about 350 miles, and its 
average breadth about 220. \ 

2. This State was first settled at Jamestown, about 30 
miles from the mouth of James River, by the English, in 
1607. The State is often called the ''Old Dominion," from 
its being the oldest English settlement in America. 

3. The face of the country is greatly diversified, and 
in some parts rich and pleasing in its continued outline of 
hill, valley, river, and plain. It is traversed by the Alle- 
ghany Mountains and the Blue Ridge, from south-west to 
north-east. From the sea-coast to the head of tide-water 
on the rivers, embracing a tract upwards of 100 miles in 
width, the country is low and sandy, covered with pitch 
pine, and is unhealthy in the warm season. The interior 
of the State is a healthy region, and in the valleys are some 
of the finest lands in the State. The surface west of the 
mountains is rugged and hilly, but rich as a mineral region. 

4. The soil in the tide-water district is poor, except 
along the banks of the rivers. Between the head of 
tide-water and the Blue Ridge it becomes better, and is well 
adapted to the growth of Indian corn, tobacco, and cotton. 
In the valleys, and along the rivers, the soil is generally 



36 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

fertile ; but between the mountains and the Ohio River, it 
is for the most part of an inferior quality. 

5. The vast extent of the State and its varied surface, 
produces a great variety of climate. Along the coast it is 
hot and moist, but in the mountain districts it is salubrious 
and cool. 

6. The staple productions of agriculture are wheat, 
corn, and tobacco. The mines of coal, iron, gold, and salt 
are exceedingly valuable and abundant ; and among the 
mountains, mineral springs are very numerous, and are 
highly valued for their medicinal properties. 

7. The commerce of the State consists chiefly in the 
exportation of agricultural products ; oysters are an impor- 
tant article of export. Manufactures are but few and 
limited. 

8. Virginia has given birth to many eminent patriots, 
statesmen, and warriors, among whom were Washington, 
Jeiferson, Madison, Monroe, and Chief Justice Marshall. 
The State is noted for its great men. 

9. In Westmoreland County, bordering on the Potomac, 
is shown the place of Washington's birth. A simple stone 
with the inscription "Here, on the 11th of Februaryf, 
1732, George Washington was born," marks the hallowed 
spot. 

10. In the Eastern part of the State are numerous rail- 
roads, and several important canals, which greatly facili- 
tate transportation and intercourse. 

11. The Natural Bridge over Cedar Creek, near its 
confluence with James River, is one of the most remark- 
able natural curiosities in the world. It consists of an 



t Old style, corresponding to 22d of February new style. 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. 87 

enormous arcli of limestone rock, spanning a chasm 90 feet 
in width, at the distance of 215 feet above the surface of 
the creek. The average width of the bridge is 80 feet, and 
its thickness 55 feet. Wier's Cave, near Staunton, is also 
a famous natural curiosity. It extends 1,260 feet into the 
ground, and contains about 20 large rooms, besides nu- 
merous passages and galleries. 

12. Area: 61,352 square miles. Area of the coal 
region : 21,195 square miles. Population in 1860 : 1,596,- 
083. Inhabitants to the square mile: 24. Counties: 140. 

13. Cities and Towns. — Richmond, the capital of the 
State, is beautifully situated on James River, immediately 
below the falls, about 150 miles from its mouth. At the 
present writing, (1864) it is also the capital of the so called 
Southern Confederacy, and is strongly fortified by the Con- 
federate forces. The city is built on several hills, affording 
a delightful prospect of the surrounding country. Its water 
power is abundant, and is used to a considerable extent in 
the manufacture of flour, cotton, tobacco, paper, and iron. 
Distance from Washington, 122 miles south. 

14. Alexandria, a port of entry, is located on the right 
bank of the Potomac, about 5 miles below Washington City. 
It is a place of considerable trade ; wheat, corn, tobacco, 
and coal, are exported in considerable quantities. Steam- 
boats ply regularly between this city and Washington. 

15. Wheeling is situated on the Ohio River, in the 
western part of the State. It is a port of entry, and one 
of the most important cities on the Ohio between Pittsburg 
and Cincinnati. Wheeling is noted for its manufactures and 
enterprise in trade. At this point, the river is crossed by 
a suspension bridge. 

16. Norfolk, situated on the right bank of Elizabeth 



88 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

River, is the chief commercial port of Virginia. It has a 
fine harbor, and more foreign commerce than any other town 
in the State. The city communicates with New York and 
Philadelphia by regular lines of ocean steamers. 

17. Gosport is located opposite Norfolk, on the west 
side of Elizabeth River. At this place is one of the princi- 
pal navy yards in the United States ; also, a dry dock built 
of hewn granite. 

18. Yorktown, on York River, is memorable for the 
surrender of Lord Cornwallis and the British army in 1781. 

19. Portsmouth, in the south-east part of the State, 
is noted for its fine harbor, and as an important naval depot 
of the Government. Between this city and Norfolk, ferry- 
boats ply constantly, and a daily line of steamboats com- 
municates with the capital. 

20. Petersburg, located on the south bank of the 
Appomattox River, is a handsome and flourishing town. 
Considerable quantities of tobacco and flour are exported 
from this place. 

21. Fredericksburg, on the Rappahannock, and Lynch- 
burg, on the James River, are important places of trade. 
At Charleston, on the Kanawha, large quantities of salt are 
made. Charlottesville is the seat of the University of Vir- 
ginia. Monticelio, two miles distant, was the residence of 
Thomas Jefierson. 

22. Harper's Ferry, on the Potomac, is noted for its 
romantic scenery. It contains a United States armory- 
Mount Vernon, on the western shore of the Potomac River, 
15 miles from Washington City, is venerated as the former 
residence, and last resting-place of the Father of his 
Country. 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. 89 

Key to East Tirginia. 

12. East Virginia. 
The State of East Virginia is south of Maryland. 

5J 5? 5? 55 55 55 5> 55 ^^® 

capital, the city of Richmond. 

Mountains. 

1. The Blue Ridge Mountains are in East Virginia. 

2. The Alleghany ,, ,, ,, 



55 



55 

Rivers. 



are three hundred. 



1. The James River is in East Virginia. 

,, ,, ,, rises in the Alleghany Mts. , and 
empties into the Chesapeake Bay. 
The James River is five hundred. 

2. The York River is in East Virginia. 

5 5 55 55 55 5 5 5 5 andemptics 

into the Chesapeake Bay. 

3. The Pamunkey River is in East Virginia. 

5 5 5 5 5 5 55 55 5 5 ^^^ 

empties into the York River. 

4. The Mattapony River is in East Virginia. 

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 ^^^ 

empties into the York River. 

5. The Rappahannock River is in East Virginia. 

,, ,, ,, rises in the Blue Ridge 

Mts., and empties into the Chesapeake Bay. 

The Rappahannock River is one and a-half hundred. 

6. The Potomac River is west of Maryland. 

5, ,, ,, rises in the Alleghany Mts., an(3 

empties into the Chesapeake Bay. 

The Potomac River is five and a-half hundred. 



90 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

12. The Shenandoah River is in East Virginia. 

,, ,, ,, rises in the Blue Ridge 

Mts., and empties into the Potomac River. 

The Shenandoah River is one and three-quarter 
hundred. 

The Staunton River is in southern East Virginia. 
,, ,, ,, rises in the Blue Ridge Mts., and 

empties into the Roanoke River. 

The Staunton River is two hundred. 

Forts. 
1. Fort Darling. 

Cities and Towns. 

* Richmond. 

a Petersburg is south of Richmond. 

h Williamsburg. m Manassas 

c Yorktown. n Alexandria. 

d Big Bethel. o Fredericksburg. 

e Norfolk. b Front Royal. 

/ West Point. c Charlottesville, 

g- Harpers Ferry. d Lynchburg. 

h Marti nsburg. e Maysville. 

i Winchester f Scottsville. 

k Fairfax. g Salem. 

/ Leesburg. h Parisburg. 

NORTH CAROI.I1VA. 

1. North Carolina lies south of Virginia, and extends 
from Tennessee to the Atlantic Ocean. It is about 450 
miles in length, and its greatest breadth about 180. 

2. The first En2:li.-h settlement in North America was 

o 

made at Roanoke Island on the coast of this State, in 1585, 
under the auspices of Sir Walter Raleigh. In the following 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. 91 

year, the colonists, becoming discouraged, abandoned the 
settlement, and returned to England. The State was regu- 
larly settled, in 1650, on the banks of the Chowan and 
Roanoke Rivers, by emigrants from Virginia. 

3. The eastern part of the State, for a distance of 60 
miles from the sea, is a dead level interspersed with marshes 
and swamps, and covered with forests of pitch pine. Along 
the whole coast is a narrow ridge of sand, separated from 
the main land, by numerous sounds and bays. The pas- 
sages and inlets through it are mostly shallow and dan- 
gerous. Ocracoke Inlet is the only one north of Cape 
Fear, through which vessels can pass with safety. The sur- 
face in the middle portion becomes hilly, or gently undu- 
lating ; the western part rises into an elevated plateau, or 
table land, a rugged and mountainous region. 

4. The soil, in the eastern section of the State, is 
generally sandy, and unfit for cultivation, but rich in its 
production of vast forests of pitch pine, from which 
great quantities of tar, turpentine, and rosin are made. In 
the interior, it is productive and highly favorable to agri- 
cultural pursuits. 

5. On the coast in the summer season, the climate is 
hot and unhealthy, while in the interior, it is cooler and 
more salubrious. 

6. The staple productions are cotton, tobacco, rice, 
Indian corn, and sweet potatoes. In the swamps, indigo 
and rice flourish in abundance. The upper country pro- 
duces wheat and other grains, with hemp and flax. 

7. Gold, iron, copper, lead, and coal are the principal 
minerals. The gold region of North Carolina lies on both 
sides of the Blue Ridge, in the south-western part of the 
State. 



92 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

8. Agriculture is the leading industrial pursuit ; man- 
ufactures and mining, of late, are receiving considerable 
attention. Among the former, those of cotton, iron, and 
leather are the most important. Cotton, tobacco, and corn, 
with the products of the forest, lumber, tar, pitch, turpen- 
tine, and rosin are the principal exports. 

9. In North Carolina there is no large commercial town, 
and the trade, for want of good harbors, is chiefly carried 
on through the sea-ports of the adjacent States. 

10. The Great Dismal Swamp, partly in this State and 
partly in Virginia, covers a surface of 100,000 acres. It 
is mostly covered with cedar, pine, and cypress trees. 

11. Capes Lookout and Fear are much dreaded by 
mariners ; and Cape Hatteras is the most dangerous head- 
land on the American coast. 

12. Area: 50,700 square miles. Population in 
1860: 992,667. Inhabitants to the square mile: 19. 
Counties: 82. 

13. Cities and Towns. — Raleigh, the capital, is sit- 
uated in the centre of the State, about six miles west of the 
River Neuse. In the centre of the city is Union Square, 
in which stands the State House, a splendid building of native 
granite, built after the model of the Parthenon of Athens in 
Greece. The Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, recently 
established, is worthy of notice, and does great credit to 
the State. Distance from Washington, 286 miles south. 

14. Wilmington is located on the east bank of the 
Cape Fear River, 35 miles from the sea. It is the largest 
and most commercial city in the State. Railroads extend 
to Petersburg, Richmond, and to other towns north and 
south ; and a line of mail steamers plies daily between the 
city and Charleston, while numerous steamboats keep up a 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. 93 

constant communication with Fajetteville. Its trade is 
chiefly with the West Indies and the northern ports of the 
Union. 

15. Beaufort, near Cape Lookout, is noted as possess- 
ing the best harbor in the State. It has considerable trade, 
chiefly in the various products of the pine. 

16. Fayetteville, at the head of navigation on Cape 
Fear River, is the second city in population, and is better 
situated and provided with facilities for trade than any other 
town in the State. It contains a United States Armory. 

17. Newborn is located on the south-west bank of the 
Neuse River. Its principal exports are lumber, tar, grain, 
pitch, turpentine, and rosin. 

18. At Chapel Hill is the University of North Caro- 
lina. Charlotte is the seat of a United States mint, estab- 
lished here for the purpose of coining the gold found in the 
vicinity. Goldsboro, Greensboro, Hillsboro, Salem, Salis- 
bury, and Weldon, in the northern part of the State, are all 
important and thriving towns. 

Key to North Carolina. 

13. North CAROLmA. 

The State of North Carolina is south of Virginia. 

J-^® 5j ?? 57 J) ?> j5 >> jj the 

capital the city of Raleigh. 

Mountains. 

1. Mt. Mitchell is in the State of North Carolina. 
Mt. ,, is sixty-four hundred. 

2. King's Mountain is in the State of North Carolina. 
2. Pilot Knob „ „ „ „ „ „ 

Rivers. 
1. The Cape Fear River is in southern North Carolina. 



94 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

The Cape Fear River is in southern North Carolina, 
and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. 

The Cape Fear River is three hundred. 

2. The South River is in southern North Carolina. 
The ,, ,. ,, ,, ,, ,, and 

empties into the Cape Fear River. 

3. East Cape Feai' River is in southern North Carolina. 

tj • ? 55 55 55 55 55 55 

and empties into the Cape Fear River. 

4. The Neuse River is in the State of North Carolina. 

55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 

and empties into Pamlico Sound. 

The Neuse River is three and a-half hundred. 

5. The Moccassin River is in the State of North 
Carolina. 

The Moccassin River is in the State of North Carolina, 
and empties into the Neuse River. 

6. The Tar River is in the State of North Carolina. 

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 <^^^ 

empties into Pamlico Sound. 

The Tar River is two hundred. 

7. The Roanoke River is in the State of North 
Carolina. 

The Roanoke River rises in the Alleghany Mts., and 
empties into Albemarle Sound. 

The Roan-oke River is two and a half hundred. 

8. The Chowan River is in the State of North Carolina. 
The Chowan River rises in Virginia, and empties into 

Albemarle Sound. 

Sounds. 

1. Albemarle Sound is in the State of North Carolina. 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. 95 

Albemarle Sound is in the State of North Carolina, 
and opens into the Atlantic Ocean. 

2. Pamlico Sound is in the State of North Carolina. 

J5 ?J ?? 5> >5 5? ?» 

and opens into the Atlantic Ocean. 

Cities and Towns. 

* Raleigh. 

a Smithfield is on the Neuse River. 

b Waynesborough. o Williamston. 

c Kingston. p Plymouth. 

d Newberne. q Columbia. 

e Beaufort. r Weldon. 

/ Onslow. s Washington, 

g- Wilmington. t Roxboro. 

k Hallsville. ii Yanceyville. 

i Elizabethtown. v Germantown. 

j Fayetteville. iv Lexington. 

k Whitesville. x Greensboro. 

/ Oxford. y Waynesville. 

m Louisburg. z Elizabeth. 
n Tabaro. 

Forts. 

1. Fort Macon is on the coast of North Carolina. 

5 7 5? 5 5 5 5 5» 5? ?> ^^^ 

noted in the American Rebellion. 

2. Fort Hatteras is on the coast of North Carolina. 

5 5 5 5 5' 5 5 5> J) " ^^^ 

noted in the American Rebellion. 

SOUTH CAROLfi]VA. 

1. South Carolina lies between North Carolina and 
Georgia. The greatest length and breadth of the State 
measure about 210 miles each, and its coast about 200. 



96 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

2. The State was first settled at Old Charleston, in 
1670. The original settlers were mostly English, among 
whom were some Germans, Scotch, and also some French 
Huguenots. The present city of Charleston was be^un ten 
years later. 

3. The low country, extending from 80 to 100 miles 
inland, is covered with forests of pitch pine, interspersed 
with marshes, swamps, and sluggish streams. Beyond this 
is the middle country, extending 50 or 60 miles in breadth, 
which is composed of numerous ridges ol sand hills, pre- 
senting an undulating appearance, and interspersed here 
and there with a plantation of maize. Further inland, the 
surface rises into a rugged, mountainous region, forming 
what is called the ''Ridge ;" and westward of the Ridge the 
country displays an elevated plateau, pleasantly diversified 
by hill and dale, forests, and pleasant streams. 

4. The coast is bordered with low islands, covered with 
forests of live oak, pine, and palmettoes. These islands 
are now under cultivation, and produce the finest quality of 
cotton, called sea-island cotton. 

5. The State has six distinct varieties of soil : 1. Tide 
swamp, devoted to the culture of rice. 2. Inland swamp, 
to rice, cotton, corn, &;c. 3. Salt marsh, to long cotton. 
4. Oak and pine, to long cotton, corn, &c. 5. Oak and 
hickory, to short cotton, indigo, corn, &c. 6. Pine barren, 
to fi'uits, vegetables, &c. Cotton and rice are the great 
staple productions of South Carolina. 

6. The commerce of the State is extensive and im- 
portant. It consists chiefly in exporting cotton, rice, lum- 
ber, and naval stores. There is more rice exported from 
this State than from all the other States combined. The 
State is not extensively engaged in manufactures. 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. 97 

7. The principal minerals are gold, lead, and iron. 
The gold is obtained from the same belt, or region, in 
which the gold of Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia is 
found. This belt extends from the Rappahannock to the 
Coosa River. 

8. The climate is more tropical than that of North 
Carolina, the State being further south. In the upper 
country, the climate is healthy at all seasons of the year ; 
but in the low country, it is unhealthy and sickly during the 
summer months. 

9. Numerous railroads intersect various parts of the 
State, and a lively interest is manifested by the people in 
the construction of others. The most important are those 
connecting Charleston and Augusta, Charleston, Camden, 
and Columbia, Charleston and Wilmington. 

10. Many of the inhabitants, particularly in the lower 
and middle sections, are wealthy planters, mostly well edu- 
cated, and noted for their hospitality. 

11. South Carolina is the smallest of the cotton grow- 
ing States. It has no mountains, excepting the Blue Ridge 
Mountains, which intersect the north-west corner of the 
State. 

12. Area, 29,380 square miles. Population in 1860, 
703,812 ; inhabitants to the square mile, 24. Districts, 29. 

13. Cities and Towns. — Columbia, the capital of the 
State, is located on the east bank of the Congaree River, 
below the junction of the Broad and Saluda Rivers. The 
city is regularly laid out, and neatly built, and its wide 
streets are beautifully ornamented with numerous trees. 
Its location is considerably elevated, commanding an ex- 
tensive view of the surrounding country, decorated with 

7 



98 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

cotton-fields in the highest state of cultivation. The college 
of South Carolina is located here, a flourishing institution, 
which is liberally supported by the State. Distance north- 
west from Charleston, 120 miles; from Washington, 500 
miles south-west. 

14. Charleston, the metropolis of the State, and one 
of the first commercial cities in the South, stands on a pen- 
insula formed by the Cooper and Ashley Rivers, which 
unite, and enter the ocean by a deep and spacious harbor, 
extending 7 miles below the city. In many parts of the 
city, the streets are tastefully ornamented with shade-trees 
of various kinds ; and many of the private residences are 
handsomely adorned with verandahs, extending from the 
ground to the roof, and surrounded with gardens, profusely 
studded with orange trees, magnolias, and palmettoes. 
Charleston is considered the metropolis of the South Atlan- 
tic States. Into it flow many of the productions of North 
Carolina and Georgia. Its coasting trade and foreign com- 
merce are extensive and valuable. The city contains sev- 
eral important literary and other institutions, among which 
may be mentioned the Charleston College, the State Medical 
College, the Orphan Asylum, and the City Hall. Distance 
from Washington, 541 miles. 

15. Camden, a thriving town on the east bank of the 
Wateree, is noted for the battles fought in its vicinity dur- 
ring the Revolution. 

16. Hamburg, on the Savannah River, in the western 
part of the State, is an extensive cotton mart, and has a 
large inland trade. Hamburg is connected with Charleston 
by railroad. 

17. Georgetown, near the coast, Spartanburg, Green- 
ville, and Belton in the north west, are small but thriving 
towns. 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. 99 

Key to Soutli Carolina. 

14. South Carolina. 
The State of South Carolina is east of Georgia. 

capital the city of Columbia. 

Rivers. 

1. The Great Pedee River is in South Carolina. 

The ,, ,, ,, rises in the Alleghany Mts., 
and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. 

The Great Pedee River is four and a-half hundred. 

2. The Wateree River is in South Carolina. 

The ,, 5, rises in the Alleghany Mts., and 
empties into the Santee River. 

The Wateree River is two and a-half hundred. 

3. The Broad River is in South Carolina. 

The ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, and empties 

into the Santee River. 

4. The Saluda River is in South Carolina. 

The ,, ,, rises in the Alleghany Mts., and 
empties into the Santee River. 

The Saluda River is two hundred. 

5. The Santee River is in South Carolina. 

The ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, and empties 

into the Atlantic Ocean. 

The Santee River is one and a-half hundred. 

6. The Edisto River is in South Carolina. 

The ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, and empties 

into the Atlantic Ocean. 

The Edisto River is one and a-half hundred. 

7. The Combahee River is in South Carolina. 

The ,, „ ,, ,, ,, „ and emp- 

ties into the Atlantic Ocean. 



100 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

8. North Edisto River is in South Carolina. 

9. Little Pedee River is in South Carolina. 

Little ,, ,, rises in North Carolina, and 
empties into the Great Pedee River. 

10. Linche's Creek. 

Cities and Towns. 
* Columbia. 

a The city of Charleston is in South Carolina. 

The ,, ,, ,, 5, ,, ,, ,, and noted 

in the American Rebellion. 

b Orangeburg. m Marlboro. 

c Walterboro. n Marion. 

d Coosawatchie. o Conwayboro. 

e Beaufort. p Winnsboro. 

f Monks' Corner. q Yorkville. 

g Sumpterville. r Hamburg. 

h Kingstree. s Edgefield. 

i Georgetown. t Newberry. 

j Camden. u Lawrenceville. 

k Cheraw. v Greenville. 

/ Darlington. w Abbeville. 

Forts. 

1. Fort Sumpter is on the coast of South Carolina. 

?) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3-11(1 

noted in the American Rebellion. 

2. Fort Beauregard. 

3. Fort Walker. 

GEORGIA. 

1. Georgia is situated north of Florida, and lies be- 
tween South Carolina and Alabama. The length of the 
State is about 300 miles, and its greatest breadth 250. 
Length of sea coast, 80 miles. 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. IQl 

2. This State was settled at Yarmacraw Bluff, now 
Savannah, in 1733, by a colony from England under James 
Oglethorpe. It was the last settled State of the "thirteen 
original colonies." 

3. The surface is similar to that of South Carolina, 
and comprises three distinct sections : 1. The alluvial flats, 
which extend from the ocean inland about 100 miles. 
2. The sand hill belt, or pine barrens, extending inland to 
the lower falls of the rivers. 3. The hilly and mountainous 
tract in the north-west portion ot* the State. 

4. In the south-eastern part is Okefonokee Swamp, 
which extends over the line into Florida, and is the abode 
of numerous alligators, lizards, snakes, frogs, and cranes. 

5. The soil, in the valleys in the northern part of the 
State, is exceedingly fertile and productive, and well adapted 
to the growth of the various grains. In the southern part 
are the tide, and swamp lands, chiefly devoted to the 
culture of rice and cotton. From 60 to 80 miles inlajid 
from the coast, are the pine lands, chiefly valuable for their 
production of lumber ; the interior is well adapted to the 
cultivation of tobacco, grain, and cotton. 

6. The principal agricultural products are cotton, rice, 
tobacco, sweet potatoes, and Indian corn. In some portions 
of the State, sugar, coffee, and indigo are also produced, 
and many tropical plants and fruits, — lemons, oranges, 
figs, &c. 

7. Gold and iron ore constitute the chief mineral pro- 
ductions. The former is found in the north, the latter in 
various parts of the State. Small quantities of copper are 
also found. 

8. The climate is very hot and sultry during the sum- 



202 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

mer season. It is quite unhealthy in July, August, and 
September. The winters are mild and pleasant. 

9. The sea islands, bordering upon the coast, so cel- 
ebrated for the production of sea island cotton, are Tybee, 
Ossabaw, St. Catherine's, Sapello, St. Simon's, and Cum- 
berland. This is a superior kind of cotton of the finest 
quality and texture. It is raised in small quantities, and 
is about double the value of the common kind. 

10. Georgia is especially noted for the number and ex- 
tent of its railroads ; in this respect it takes the lead of all 
the Southern States. 

11. Of late the State has made considerable advances 
in the establishment of manufactures. The most important 
are those for the manufacture of cotton and iron. The 
chief articles of export are cotton, rice, lumber, pitch, tur- 
pentine, and tar. 

12. The inhabitants are mainly of British descent, and 
chiefly engaged in agricultural pursuits. 

13. Area of State, 61,500 square miles ; area of coal 
region, 150 square miles. Populationin 1860, 1,057,327; 
inhabitants to a square mile, 17. Counties 112. 

14. Cities and Towns. — Milledgeville, the capital of 
the State, is located at the head of steamboat navigation, 
on the Oconee River, 300 miles from the sea. It stands 
on elevated ground, surrounded by a rich and populous cot- 
ton-growing country. The most prominent public buildings 
are the State House, and State Arsenal. Distance from 
Washington, 642 miles south-west. 

15. Savannah, the largest and most important city of 
the State, is situated on the Savannah River, 17 miles from 
the sea. It has an excellent and capacious harbor, with a 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. 103 

safe and easy entrance to and from the ocean. The streets 
are laid out in a regular manner ; and after every second 
street, there is a public square. They are generally enclosed, 
and ornamented with trees and shrubbery. A line of 
steamers plies regularly between this port and the West 
Indies. Distance from Washington, 662 miles south-west. 

16. Augusta, on the west bank of the Savannah, 125 
miles above the city of Savannah, and 231 miles from the 
sea, ranks second in population. It has considerable trade, 
is well built, and contains several handsome public buildings. 

17. Columbus, upon the Chattahootchee, is the third 
city of the State in population. A large number of steam- 
boats ply on the river, freighted with cotton for the sea- 
board and New Orleans. 

18. Macon, in the centre of the State, is a flourishing 
city ; Athens is the seat of Franklin College ; Atlanta, Da- 
rien, and Fort Gaines are also thriving towns. 

Key to (Georgia. 

15. Georgia. 
The State of Georgia is west of South Carolina. 

5> 7? j> ?) ?> *? J) ?» t;ne 

capital, the city of Milledgeville. 

Rive7's. 

1. The Ogeechee River is in eastern Georgia. 

,, ,, ,, ,, ,, 5, and 

empties into the Atlantic Ocean. 

The Ogeechee River is one and a-half hundred. 

2. The Altaraaha River is in the State of Georgia. 

empties into the Atlantic Ocean. 

The Altamaha River is one and a-half hundred. 

3. The Oconee River is in the State of Georgia. 



104 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

The Oconee River rises in the Alleghany Mts., and 
empties into the Altamaha River. 

The Oconee River is two hundred and eighty. 

4. The Ocmulgee River is in the State of Georgia. 

empties into the Altamaha River. 
The Ocmulgee is two hundred. 

5. The Santilla River is in southern Georgia. 

empties into the Altamaha River. 

The Santilla River is one and a-half hundred. 

6. The Flint River is in south-west Georgia. 

,, ,, ,, „ ,, ,, and emp- 

ties into the Appalachicola. 

The Flint River is three hundred. 

7. The Chattahoochee River is in the State of Georgia. 

,, ,, ,, rises in the Alleghany 

Mts., and empties into the Appalachicola. 

The Chattahoochee River is five and a-half hundred. 

8. The Savannah River is in the State of Georgia. 

,, ,, ,, rises in the Alleghany Mts., 

and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. 

The Savannah River is four and a-half hundred. 

Swamps. 

1. The Okefinokee Swamp is in southern Georgia. 

Cities and Towns, 

* Milledgeville. 

a Monticello is in the State of Georgia. 
b Covington. e Forsyth. 

c Monroe. f Greenville. 

d Jackson. g Thomaston. 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. 



105 



h Macon. 
i Marion. 
j Hawkinsville 
k Vienna. 
/ Americus. 
m Lumkin. 
n Newton. 
o Bainbridge. 
p Moultree. 
q Savannah. 
r Springfield. 
5 Statesboro. 
/ Jacksonboro. 
11 Keidsville. 
V Darien. 



w Wajnesville. 
X Waresboro. 
y Clayton. 
z Gainesville. 
a Atlanta. 
b Decatur. 
C Marietta. 
d Carrollton. 
e Dahlonega. 
f Canton. 
g Blairsville. 
h Spring Place. 
i Trenton. 
1 Chickamauga. 



Forts. 

1. Fort Pulaski is on the coast of Georgia. 

?) 7? Ti 



and noted 



5? 5> 5? 5J 

in the American Rebellion. 

2. Fort McAllister is on the coast of Georgia. 

FLORIDA. 

1. Florida lies south of Georgia. It is chiefly an ex- 
tensive peninsula, 400 miles in length, and from 50 to 250 
miles in breadth ; extending southward between the waters 
of the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico. Its sea coast is 
upwards of 1000 miles in extent, and its shores are indented 
with many bays and inlets, and yet there are but few good 
harbors. 

2. Florida was originally settled by the Spanish at St. 
Augustine, in 1564. This Territory was purchased of Spain 
by the United States, in 1819, during the presidency of 



106 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

James Monroe, and was governed as such, until 1845, when 
it became one of the States ol the Union. 

3. The surface of the country is generally level, and 
but little elevated above the ocean. The southern portion 
of the State is interspersed with lakes, grass ponds, savan- 
nas, and hummocks. These constitute what is known as 
the Everglades of Florida. They cover an extent of about 
160 miles in length by 60 in breadth. 

4. The soil is generally sandy, except in the hummocks, 
which consist of reddish clay mixed with sand in such pro- 
portions, forming a soil quite fertile and productive. These 
hummocks vary in extent from a few acres to several hun- 
dred miles, and constitute a considerable portion of the 
State. Along the streams it is rich, and well adapted to 
tillage. Another portion of the State consist of pine bar- 
rens where the soil is poor and unproductive. 

5. The State approaches within a degree and a-half of 
the torrid zone, yet the climate is not so hot, but that it is 
mild and pleasant. Slight frosts sometimes occur; ice and 
snow are rarely seen, nor is the cold so severe as to injure 
the orange trees. The dews are generally heavy, but the 
air is pure and free from fogs. 

6. The most important productions are sugar-cane, 
rice, cotton, tobacco, and Indian corn. The fruits are 
various, and produced in abundance ; they are, oranges, 
pine apples, figs, pomegranates, olives, grapes, lemons, &c. 

7. Florida is noted for its luxuriant vegetation, and 
the brilliant colors of its flowering shrubs, from which it 
derives its name. The forests produce an abundance of 
cedar and yellow pine. 

8. The entire country abounds in various kinds of 
game. Alligators are numerous on the shores of the inlets 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. 107 

and rivers. They exist only in the southern section, and 
are seldom seen north of Louisiana and the Carolinas. 
Mosquitoes and gnats are very abundant, and very annoy- 
ing to the inhabitants. 

9. The Florida Keys are a range of small islands lying 
south of the peninsula, inhabited by a few fishermen and 
wreckers*. Turtle and other fisheries are carried on quite 
extensively among these islands. 

10. Area, 56,500 square miles. Population in 1860, 
140,439 ; inhabitants to the square mile, 2. Counties, 30. 

11. Cities and Towns. — Tallahassee, the capital, is 
situated in the northern part of the State, about 20 miles 
north of St. Marks. The city is built upon elevated ground, 
in the midst of a fertile and undulating region. It is regu- 
larly laid out, and contains several public squares. Distance 
south-west from Washington, 896 miles. Latitude 30° 
28' north. 

12. St. Augustine is situated on Matanzas Sound, 2 
miles from the Atlantic Ocean. It is the oldest town in the 
United States, having been settled in 1564. Its pure and 
healthful climate, and refreshing sea breeses, render it a 
place of great resort for invalids, during the winter season. 

13. Pensacola, the most westerly town in the State, 
and the principal port of entry and city, is situated on a 
bay of the same name, about 10 miles from the Gulf of 
Mexico. It contains a United States Navy Yard, covering 
80 acres in extent, and is an important naval station for 
ships of war. 



* Persons, "who go down to seek the wrecks of ships, to secure the 
property and save the lives of the crews, are called wreckers ; and the 
compensation allowed by law, is called salvage. 



108 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

14. St. Marks is 20 miles south of the capital, and 
connected with it by railroad. Appalachicola is located at 
the mouth o£ the river of the same name. Its harbor is ac- 
cessible by steamboats from the Gulf, and large quantities 
of cotton are shipped at this place. 

15. Key West, on Thompson's Island, is the most 
southern town in the United States. It has a fine harbor, 
and is the seat of the Wreckers' Court, to whose decisions 
all cases of salvage are submitted. Salt is manufactured 
to some extent, and sponges are exported in large quantities. 

16. The other important towns are Jacksonville, St. 
Joseph, Nassau, Fernandina, Monticello, &c. 

liey to Florida. 
16. Florida. 

The State of Florida is south of Georgia. 
,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, the capital 

the city of Tallahassee. 

Rivers. 

1. The Appalachicola River is in the State of Georgia. 

and empties into the Gulf of Mexico. 
The Appalachicola is one hundred. 

2. The Suwanee River is in the State of Florida. 

,, ,, ,, rises in Georgia, and empties 

into the Gulf of Mexico. 

The Suwanee River is two and a-half hundred. 

3. The St. John's River is in eastern Florida. 

55 >? 5 5 5 5 5? 5 5 5 5 ^^^ 

empties into the Atlantic Ocean. 

The St. John's River is two and a-half hundred. 

4. The Kissimmee River is in southern Florida. 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. 109 

The Kissimmee River is in southern Florida, and 
empties into Lake Ohee-Chobee. 

5. Withlacoochee. 

6. Hillsboro River is in southern Florida. 

,, ,, ,, ,, ,, and empties 

into the Gulf of Mexico. 

7. The Oeklawaha River is in the State of Florida. 

empties into the St. John's River. 

Lakes and Bays, 

1. Lake Okechobee is in southern Florida. 
George is in eastern Florida. 



Monroe , , , , 



, Jesup ,, ,, „ 

, Ponisett ,, ,, ,, 

, Kissimee is in the State of Florida. 

, Tohopehaliga is in the State of Florida. 

J Apopka ,, ,, „ ,, 

, Orange ,, ,, „ „ 

10. Pensacola Bay is in western Florida. 

11. Choctawhatchie Bay is in western Florida. 

12. St. Andrew's ,, ,, ,, ,, 

13. Appalachie Bay is on the coast of Florida. 

14. Wakasassa ,, 

15. Tampa ,, 

16. Charlotts Harbor 

17. Chatham Bay 

Capes. 

1 . Cape Remain is in southern Florida. 

2. „ Sable „ „ „ 

3. ,, Canaveral is on the east coast of Florida. 

4. ,, St. Bias is on the coast of Florida. 



?? 


?) 


JJ 


>> 


?) 


?J 


)> 


5) 


J? 


?> 


J) 


5) 


J» 


)? 


1) 


>> 



110 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

Cities and Towns. 
* Tallahasse. 

a The city of St. Marks is in tlie State of Florida. 
b Appalachicola. m Picolata. 

c Quincy. n San Augustine. 

d Marrianna. o Welaka. 

e Alaqua. p Volusia. 
/ Milton. q New Smyrna. 

g Pensacola. r Mellonville. 

h Monticello. s Tampa. 

i Jasper. t Manatee. 

j Newmansville. ii Columbus. 

k Jacksonville. v Atsena Otie. 

/ Fernandina. tv Ocola. 

Forts. 

1. Fort McRae is on the coast of Florida. 

2. Fort Pickens ,, ,, 

ALABAMA. 

1. Alabama lies between Georgia and Mississippi, with 
a portion o£ its southern border extending to the Gulf of 
Mexico. Its greatest length is about 330 miles, its breadth 
varying from 145 to 215 miles. 

2. This State was first settled by the French at Mobile. 
The territory now comprising the State, originally belonged 
to Georgia, but in 1802, it was detached, and was consti- 
tuted a part oi the Mississippi Territory. In 1817, it 
became the Territory of Alabama, and finally, in 1820, was 
admitted into the Union as a State. 

3. The surface of the country in the northern part is 
hilly and mountainous, the Alleghany Mountains terminat- 
ing in this part of the State. In the interior, the hills 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. HI 

disappear, and the surface becomes more regular and even; 
while, in the southern portion, it is extremely level, scarcely 
elevated above the surface of the sea. 

4. The soil in the north is exceedingly fertile and pro- 
ductive. The hills and mountains are covered with immense 
forests of oak, hickory, elm, ash, poplar, and cedar. In 
the central portion, it is much less fertile, and numerous 
pine forests occur. The soil in the southern part of the 
State is deep and rich, and well adapted to the culture of 
cotton, sugar, rice, and tropical fruits. Live oak, swamp 
oak, gum, cypress, and holly, diversify this section. 

5. The climate, during the summer season, is very 
warm and sultry. The winters are mild and pleasant, run- 
ning water being rarely frozen. Stock require no shelter. 

6. The agricultural products are cotton, wheat, rice, 
sugar, tobacco, Indian corn, and sweet potatoes. Cotton 
is the great staple. In amount of cotton annually produced, 
Alabama ranks first, Georgia second, and Mississippi third. 

6. Iron, marble, and bituminous coal, are the chief 
minerals. They are found in great abundance in the middle 
portion of the State. 

7. Alabama possesses only 60 miles of sea coast, yet 
it has a considerable amount of foreign commerce. Its 
various rivers all admit of extensive inland navigation, so 
that the numerous products of the State are shipped with 
great facility to the sea board. 

9. Manufactures have received but little attention ; 
those of cotton have been introduced, to some extent, with 
considerable success. 

10. Area of State, 50,781 square miles ; area of coal 
region, 3,400 square mile-. Population in 1860, 964,296; 
inhabitants to the square mile, 19. Counties, 52. 



112 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

11. Cities and Towns. — Montgomery, the capital, is 
on the left bank of the Alabama River, at the head of 
steamboat navigation. The city stands on a high bluff, and 
is surrounded by one of the richest cotton-growing districts 
in the State. Large quantities of cotton are shipped from 
this place down the river to Mobile. The University of 
Alabama is located here. Distance from Mobile, 220 miles 
north-east. 

12. Mobile, the largest and most important city in the 
State, is situated at the head of Mobile Bay, 30 miles from 
the Gulf of Mexico. It has a fine harbor, but difficult of 
entrance, being obstructed with shoals and low islands. 
Next to New Orleans, it is the greatest cotton market in 
the Union. The most important public buildings are, the 
City Hospital, the City Hall, and the United States Marine 
Hospital. Spring Hill College is also located here. Distance 
south-west from Washington, 1,033 miles. 

13. Tuscaloosa, in the western part of the State, on 
the Black Warrior River, is chiefly noted for its active trade 
and literary institutions. The University of Alabama is 
located here. 

14. Huntsville is the largest town in the north, and is 
noted for the remarkable spring which supplies the city with 
water. 

15. Tuscumbia and Florence are towns of considerable 
trade on the Tennessee River. Eufaula, on the Chatta- 
hoochee, has a large cotton trade ; Gainesville and Selma 
are also flourishing towns. 

Key to Alabama. 

17. Alabama. 

The State of Alabama is west of Georgia. 
The ,, ., ,, ,, ,, ,, the capital 

the city of Montgomery. 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. IJg 

Rivers. 

1. The Alabama River is in the State of Alabama. 

empties into Mobile Bay. 

The Alabama River is three hundred and eighty. 

2. The Tombigbee River is in western Alabama. 

,, ,, ,, rises in Mississippi, and empties 

into Mobile Bay. 

The Tombigbee River is five hundred. 

3. The Black Warrior River is in the State of Alabama. 

and empties into Tombigbee River. 

The Black Warrior River is one and a-half hundred. 

4. The Coosa River is in the State of Alabama. 

,, ,, ,, rises in Georgia, and empties into 
the Alabama River. 

The Coosa River is three and a-half hundred. 

5. The Tallapoosa River is in the State of Alabama. 

,, ,, ,, rises in Georgia, and empties 

into the Alabama River. 

The Tallapoosa River is two and a-half hundred. 

6. The Cahawba River is in the State of Alabama. 

empties into the Alabama River. 

7. The Conecuh River is in southern Alabama. 

5> 5» 5? j> •)•) J J and 

empties into the Mobile Bay. 

The Conecuh River is two-hundred. 

8. The Choctawhatchee River is in southern Alabama. 

and empties into the Choctawhatchee Bay. 



114 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

Lakes and Bays. 

1. Mobile Bay is in southern Alabama. 

5, ,, ,, 5, ,, and opens into 

the Gulf of Mexico. 

2. Perdido Bay is in southern Alabama. 

,, )? )> )) 51 ^^^ opens into 

the Gulf of Mexico. 

Cities and Towns. 
* Montgomery. 

a The city of Mobile is in southern Alabama. 

b Blakely r Cahawba. 

c Macon. 5 Monroeville. 

d Linden. t Haynesville. 

e Erie. ii Greenville. 

/ Tuskegee. v Andalusia. 

g Lafayette. w Abbeyville. 

h Wedowee. x Sparta. 

i Jacksonville. y Tuscumbia. 

j Wetumka. z Florence. 

k Talladega. a Huntsville. 

/ Ashville. b Decatur. 

m Marshall. c Pikeville. 

n Blountville. d Jasper. 

o Kingston. e Fayetteville. 

p Marion. f Bridgeport. 
q Tuscaloosa. 

Forts. 

1. Fort Gaines is on the coast of Alabama. 

2. Fort Morgan „ ,, „ „ 

MISSISSIPPI. 

1. The State of Mississippi lies between Alabama and 
the Mississippi River, extending from Tennessee on the 

I 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. 115 

north, to Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico on the south. 
Its greatest length is about 400 miles, and its average 
breadth 150 miles. 

2. The State was first settled by the French at Fort 
Rosalie, now Natchez, in 1716. France continued to claim 
the country until 1763, when she relinquished all her claims 
to Great Britain. By the Treaty of Paris in 1783, Great 
Britain ceded it to the United States. The territory for 
many years belonged to Georgia, and under that govern- 
ment, became the theatre of a noted land speculation. In 
1817, it was admitted into the Union as a State. 

3. The surface in the northern part is rugged and hilly, 
and considerably elevated, but not mountainous. The cen- 
tral and eastern parts are composed of table lands, which 
descend towards the Misssissippi, and terminate in the long 
range of bluffs which extend along the eastern shore. The 
surface in the southern section, for about 100 miles from 
the Gulf of Mexico, is generally very level, chiefly covered 
with pine forests, cypress swamps, marshes, and prairies. 

4. The soil, in the valleys and along the water courses 
in the northern and central portions of the State, is exceed- 
ingly fertile. In the south-east section, the soil is generally 
sandy, interspersed here and there with fertile tracts. 

5. The climate, in the summer seasons, is hot and 
unhealthy ; the winters are mild and pleasant. 

6. The principal agricultural productions are, cotton, 
corn, rice, sweet potatoes ; sugar, tobacco, and indigo in 
small quantities. Fruits of great variety and excellence are 
produced in abundance, — bananas, peaches, figs, grapes, &c. 
Cotton is the great staple production. 

7. The commerce of the State is carried on chiefly 
through the port of New Orleans. It consists mainly in the 



116 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

export of cotton, and other agricultural products. Missis- 
sippi possesses no sea-port, and therefore has no foreign 
commerce. 

8. The sea-coast of the State is about 50 miles in 
extent. The Mississippi River extends for 300 miles along 
its western border. Its rivers and railroads, comparatively, 
are quite numerous, and afford a ready outlet for the various 
products of the State. 

9. Area: 47,150 square miles. Population in 
1860: 791,396. Inhabitants to the square mile: 17. 
Counties: 60. 

10. Cities and Towns. — Jackson, the capital of the 
State, is situated on the right bank of the Pearl River. It 
is a small but flourishing town, containing a handsome 
State House, State Penitentiary, and State Lunatic Asylum. 
About 30,000 bales of cotton are exported annually. 

11. Natchez is the largest and most commercial town 
in the State, situated on the east bank of the Mississippi, 
292 miles above New Orleans. The city is located on a 
bluff, about 200 feet in hight. Along the river at the foot 
of the bluff, there are stores, warehouses, aud other build- 
ings, the top being principally occupied by private resi- 
dences, ornamented with piazzas and balconies, and sur- 
rounded by beautiful gardens and orange groves. This 
part of the city commands a magnificent view of the river, 
and surrounding scenery. Cotton is the principal article 
of trade. Distance, 1,146 miles south-west from Wash- 
ington. 

12. Vicksburg is situated on the left bank of the Mis- 
sissippi, 400 miles from New Orleans. This town, like 
Natchez, is also located on a high bluff, and from which, 
about 100,000 bales of cotton are shipped annually. 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. 117 

13. Columbus, on the Tombigbee, is an important 
depot of trade. A fine bridge crosses the river at this place. 
Holly Springs, a thriving toAvn in the northern part of the 
State, is noted for its literary institutions. 

14. Pass Christian, Pascagoula, and Biloxi, on the 
coast, are noted summer resorts for the citizens of Mobile 
and New Orleans. Yazoo City, on the Yazoo River, Ports 
Hudson and Gibson, Grand Gulf and Rodney, on the Mis- 
sissippi, are all important places. 

Key to Mississippi. 

18. Mississippi. 
The State of Mississippi is west of Alabama. 
,5 5, 5. 5j 5> j> jj the capi- 

tal, the city of Jackson. 

Rivers, 

1. The Mississippi River is in the center of the Union. 

, ,, ,, rises in Lake Itasca, and 

empties into the Gulf of Mexico. 

The Mississippi River is thirty hundred. 

2. The Yazoo River is in western Mississippi. 

,, ,, ,, ,, „ „ and empties 

into the Mississippi River. 

The Yazoo River is three hundred. 

3. The Sunflower River is in western Mississippi 

7> 5> ?5 5 J 5? ?) 2<nCl 

empties into the Yazoo River. 

The Sunflower River is one hundred and thirty. 

4. The Yallabusha River is in northern Mississippi. 

?? ?? ?? ?) )> J) ^^^ 

empties into the Yazoo River. 

5. The Tallahatchie is in northern Mississippi. 



3[lg DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

The Tallahatchie River is in northern Mississippi, and 
empties into the Yazoo River. 

The Tallahatchie River is two and a-half hundred. 

6. The Big Black River is in the State of Mississippi. 

)5 5) >J ?J ?) )J 7J 

and empties into the Mississippi River. 
The Big Black River is four hundred. 

7. The Pearl River is in the State of Mississippi. 

empties into the Gulf of Mexico. 

The Pearl River is two and a-half hundred. 

8. The Pascagoula River is in southern Mississippi 

•)? ?5 J? )) )J ?5 ^^*^ 

empties into the Gulf of Mexico. 

9. The Chickasawha River is in southern Mississippi. 

?J ?5 5? ?5 5? 5) 

and empties into the Pascagoula River. 

10. The Leaf River is in southern Mississippi. 

? ? J J 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 anU. 

empties into the Pascagoula River. 

Cities and Towns. 
* Jackson. 
a Vicksburg is in the State of Mississippi. 

55 55 55 55 55 audnotcd 

in the American Rebellion. 

b Greenwich. h Corinth. 

c Bolivar. i Rienzi. 

d Peyton. j Fulton. 

e Hernando. k Grand Gulf. 

/ Holly Springs. / Port Gibson. 

g Wyatt. in Natchez. 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. ng 



n Woodville. 


w Coffeeville 


luka. 


X Grenada. 


p Oxford. 


y Meadville. 


q Tillatoba. 


z Columbia. 


r Bridgeporte. 


a Covington. 


5 Canton. 


b Quitman. 


t Carthage. 


C Marion. 


11 Louisville. 


d DeKalb. 


V Greensboro. 





I.OUISIA]VA. 

1. Louisiana is situated between Mississippi and Texas, 
and extends from Arkansas on the north, to the Gulf of 
Mexico on the south. The greatest breadth of the State, 
from east to west, is about 300 miles, and from north to 
south 250. 

2. About the middle of the 17th century, De la Salle 
traversed the Mississippi River, and explored the country, 
and called it Louisiana. This name embraced the territory 
on both sides of the Mississippi, and France continued to 
claim it until 1763, when she ceded Louisiana on the east 
of the Mississippi, except New Orleans, to Great Britain ; 
and on the west to Spain. Great Britain ceded her claims 
to the United States, in 1783, and Spain, by the treaty of 
Ildefonso, in 1802, retroceded western Louisiana and New 
Orleans to France, from whom it was purchased, in 1803, 
by the United States for $15,000,000. 

3. Louisiana was first settled at Iberville, by the 
French, in 1699. It became a State in 1812, and still has 
a large French population. 

4. The surface is generally low and level, and subject 
to the annual overflow, by the Mississippi, and the high 
tides of the Gulf of Mexico. The State consists of dry, 



220 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

and inundated lands. Above the Red River, tlie country 
liable to periodical overflow, is narrow in extent, but below 
the mouth of that river, it widens and extends to the Gulf 
Mexico. To protect the country bordering on the Missis- 
sippi, from inundation, embankments or levees are thrown 
up along its shores, usually from 5 to 12 feet in hight, ex- 
tending about 200 miles, 

5. The soil is of great variety. Throughout the inun- 
dated region below Red River, whenever sufficiently elevated 
for cultivation, the soil is of superior quality. The richest 
part of the State lies along the sides of the Mississippi, ex- 
tending for some distance above and below New Orleans. 
It is called "the Coast," and is noted for its beauty and 
extreme fertility. Only about one twentieth part of the 
surface is under cultivation, and about one fourth part is 
subject to periodical overflow. 

6. The climate in the summer season, during the day, 
is hot and sultry ; but at night, it is quite pleasant and 
cool. The winters are mild, — water rarel}^ freezes, and 
snow is seldom seen. 

7. Sugar and cotton are the great staples of the State. 
Molasses is made in vast quantities. Nine- tenths of the 
sugar-cane in the United States is produced here. Indian 
corn, rice, and tobacco are also cultivated. Fruits, such as 
bananas, oranges, figs, peaches, &c., are abundant. 

8. The manufactures are few, and chiefly limited to 
that of sugar and molasses, in which the State is extensively 
engaged. Cotton and sugar are the chief articles of export. 

9. Louisiana has made very liberal appropriations for 
the support of public schools, and they are being quite 
generally established. 

13. Area of State, 41,215 square miles. Population 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. 121 

in 1860, 709,433 ; slaves, 333,010. Inhabitants to the 
square mile, 15. Parishes, 48. 

11. Cities and Towns. — Baton Rouge, the capital of 
Louisiana, is located on the east bank of the Mississippi, 
117 miles north-west of New Orleans. The most prominent 
public buildings are the State House, the Louisiana Peni- 
tentiary, and Baton Rouge College. Near the capital, is a 
barracks for United States troops. 

12. New Orleans, the commercial metropolis of the 
Southern States, is situated on the north bank of the Mis- 
sissippi River, 100 miles from its mouth. It is built along 
a bend in the river, and from its form, it is often called the 
"Crescent City." From its geographical position it sustains 
important commercial relations with South America, the 
West Indies, and Mexico. New Orleans is the greatest 
cotton market in the world, and in amount of commerce, 
ranks next to New York. The levee or quay is about 100 
feet in average width, and extends four miles along the 
margin of the river, presenting during the business season, 
an unexampled scene of bustle and activity. The inhabitants 
consist of Americans, French, Spanish, Creoles, and the 
colored races of every hue. Many of the private residences 
in the suburbs are surrounded by beautiful gardens, dec- 
orated with orange, lemon, and magnolia trees. The 
Custom House, of this city, is the largest building in the 
United States, except the Capitol at Washington. The be- 
nevolent institutions are numerous and worthy of note, and 
many of the churches are magnificent structures. Distance 
south-west from Washington, 1,203 miles. 

13. Natchitoches, 500 miles above New Orleans, on 
the Red River, has considerable trade. Alexandria, on the 
same river, is an important cotton depot. 



122 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

14. Madisonville, Donaldsonville, St. Martin's, Plaque- 
mine, Bayou Sara, Shreveport, and Opelousas are among 
the other noted towns in this State. 

Key to Louisiana. 

19. Louisiana. 

The State of Louisiana is west of Mississippi. 
,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, the capi- 

tal the city of Baton Rouge. 

Rivers. 

1. The Red River is in the State of Louisiana. 

,, ,, ,, rises in Texas and empties into the 
Mississippi. 

The Red River is twelve hundred. 

2. The Washita River is in the State of Louisiana. 

,, ,, ,, rises in Arkansas and empties 

into the Red River. 

The Washita River is five hundred. 

3. The Calcasieu River is in western Louisiana. 

?? >) >? j> >> jj 3-na 

empties into Lake Calcasieu. 

The Calcasieu River is two and a-half hundred. 

4. The Mermenteau River is in southern Louisiana. 

)> ?) 5> j> n ?) ^^^ 

empties in the Gulf of Mexico. 

5. The Atchafalaya River is in southern Louisiana. 

empties into the Gulf of Mexico. 

The Atchafalaya River is two and a-half hundred. 

6. The Amite River is in eastern Louisiana. 

,, ,, ,, rises in Mississippi, and empties 
into Lake Pontchartrain. 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. 123 

7. The Tickfaw River is in the State of Louisiana. 

8. ,, Chittoga ,, „ „ „ „ 

9. ,, Bayou Boeuf River is in the State of Louisiana. 

10. The Sabine River is west of Louisiana. 

,, ,, ,, rises in Texas, and empties into 
Sabine Lake. 

The Sabine River is three hundred. 

Lakes. 

1. Lake Pontchartrain is in Louisiana. 

2. ,, Maurepas ,, ,, 

3. ,, Borgne ., ,, 

4. ,, Washita is in southern Louisiana. 

5. ,, Mermenteau is in southern Louisiana. 

6. ,, Calcasieu ,, ,, ,, 

7. ,, Sabine ,, ,, ,, 

8. 5, Caddoo is in northern Louisiana. 

Cities and Towns. 

^ Baton Rouge. 

a The city of New Orleans is in southern Louisiana. 

b Algiers. / Bayou Chicot. 

c Donaldsonville. in Homer. 

d Napoleon. n Farmersville. 

e Iberville. o Vernon. 

/ Palquemine. p Harrisonburg. 

^ West Baton Rouge, q Providence. 

h Jacksonville. r Port Hudson. 

i Alexandria. s Madisonville. 

j Natchitoches, t Brashear City. 
k Shreveport. 



124 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

Forts. 

1 . Fort St. Phillip is in southern Louisiana. 

,, ?» 55 5> 1? ^"^^ noted 

in the American Rebellion. 

2. Fort Jackson. 

TEXAS. 

1. The State of Texas lies between Louisiana and 
Mexico, and extends from the Indian Territory on the 
north, to the Gulf of Mexico on the south. Its extreme 
length is upwards of 800 miles, and its greatest breadth 750. 

2. Texas was first settled at San Antonio de Bexar, 
by the Spanish, in 1690. It was formerly a province of 
Mexico, but achieved its independence in 1836, by the de- 
feat of Santa Anna, the Mexican President, at the battle of 
San Jacinto. It remained an independent republic, modeled 
after the Government of the United States, until 1845, 
when it was admitted into the Union as a State. 

3. This State is a vast inclined plain, sloping east- 
ward from the mountains on its western border, and em- 
bracing three distinct regions : the level, the undulating, 
and the mountainous. Along the coast, and far inland, 
from 30 to 60 miles, it is low and level, but free from 
swamps and marshes. In the northern part of the State, 
the surface is elevated and undulating, and the prairies are 
covered with extensive forests. On the west, and south- 
west is the mountainous region. This section is intersected 
by the Colorado Hills, Guadaloupe and Apache Mountains. 

4. The soil generally is very productive, especially in 
the level region, where it is of a deep black mould, and of 
great fertility. This is the largest State in the Union, and 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. 125 

five times the size of Pennsylvania ; yet, a very small por- 
tion of its soil is unfit for cultivation. 

5. The climate is mild and healthful, and essentially 
tropical, except in the northern part. It is free from the 
extremes of both the temperate and torrid zones, and snow- 
is seldom seen, except in the mountains. 

6. The agricultural products are cotton, sugar cane, 
tobacco, corn, wheat, and rice. The two former are the 
great staples of the State. Indigo is indigenous, and fruits 
of all kinds are produced in abundance. 

7. Texas is one of the finest cattle-growing countries 
in the world. The vast prairies of the State are covered 
with rich pasturage, upon which may be seen feeding, vast 
herds of cattle, bufi'alo, and wild horses. Deer and fish are 
abundant. 

8. The State abounds in useful minerals. The most 
important are silver, iron, coal, and bitumen. 

9. There are but few manufactures. Cotton and salt 
are exported to the West Indies. Cotton is the principal 
article of export. 

10. The inhabitants are mostly from the southern sec- 
tion of the Union ; but its unlimited resources, fertile soil, 
and inviting climate, are attracting settlers from all parts 
of the United States, and from various portions of Europe. 
The Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache Indians inhabit the 
western and northern borders of the State. 

11. Area 237,500 square miles. Population in 1860, 
602,432; slaves, 180,682. Inhabitants to the square 
mile, 2. Counties, 92. 

12. Cities and Towns.— Austin, the capital of Texas, 
is situated on the Colorado River, 200 miles from the Gulf. 
It is noted for its salubrious climate. 



126 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

13. Galveston, the largest and most important city in 
the State, is situated on the north-east part of Galveston 
Island. The island, on which Galveston is located, is about 
86 miles in length, and about 2 miles in average breadth. 
The entrance to the Bay is deep and spacious, affording a 
good harbor for vessels of the largest size. The commerce 
of the city is extensive, and is carried on chiefly with New 
Orleans and New York. Latitude, 30° 11' north. 

14. Houston is the second city in the State, in com- 
mercial importance, situated on Buffalo Bayou, about 45 
miles from Galveston Bay. Huntsville is the seat of Austin 
College, Independence, of Baylor University. 

15. San Antonio, near the coast, is the oldest town in 
the State. Here is located the celebrated Alamo fortress, 
in which 150 Texans bravely defended themselves for two 
weeks, against 4000 Mexicans, during the v/ar of Texan 
Independence. 

16. Matagorda, at the mouth of the Colorado, and 
Brownsville, on the Rio Grande, are important places. The 
latter carries on an extensive trade with Mexico. Bexar, 
Corpus Christi, Sabine, Port Lavacca, Brazoria, Nacog- 
doches, and Indianola, are noted places. 

K.ey to Texas. 

20. Texas. 

The State of Texas is west of Louisiana. 
,, ,, ,, ,, ,, the capital 

the city of Austin. 

Moiailaiiis. 

1. Guadalupe Mts. are in the State of Texas. 

2. The Colorado Hills, are in the State of Texas. 
8. Comanche Peak is ,, ,, 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. 127 

4, The Flat Mounds are in northern Texas. 

5. ,, Apache Mts. are in western ,, 

Rivers, 

1. The Colorado River is in the State of Texas. 

J? ?? 7? ?j )» jj and 

empties into Matagorda Bay. 

The Colorado River is six hundred. 

2. The Brazos River is in the State of Texas. 



?j 



and 



empties into the Gulf of Mexico. 

The Brazos River is nine and a-half hundred. 

3. The Trinity River is in eastern Texas. 

,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, and empties 
into Galveston Bay. 

The Trinity River is four and a-half hundred. 

4. Neches River is in eastern Texas. 

,, ,, ,, ,, ,, and empties into 

Sabine Lake. 

5. The Guadalupe River is in the State of Texas. 

?? )5 )? ?? •)■) 1^ a^^d 

empties into Matagorda Bay. 

6. The Nueces River is in southern Texas. 

V 5? ?j J? J, ,, and empties 

into the Gulf of Mexico. 

The Nueces River is three and a-half hundred. 

7. The Frio River is in southern Texas. 

,, ,, ,, ,, ,, „ and empties 

into the Nueces River. 

Bays. 

1. Galveston Bay is on the coast of Texas. 

,, ,, ,, ,, ,, and opens 

into the Gulf of Mexico. * 



12S DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

2. Matagorda Bay is on the coast of Texas. 

,, ,, ,, ,, ,, and opens 

into the Gulf of Mexico. 

Cities and Towns. 
^ Austin. 
a The city of Bastrop is on the Colorado River. 



h Matagorda. 
c Brazoria. 
d Richmond. 
e San Felipe. 
/ Washington. 
g Nashville. 
h Gatesville. 
2 Galveston. 
j Houston. 
k Liberty. 



/ San Augustine. 

m Jasper. 

n Brownsville. 

o Corpus Christi. 

p Sabine. 

q Fredericksburg. 

r Goliad. 

s San Antonio de Bexar. 

/ Buffallo. 



THE INTEEIOR STATES. 



1. The Interior States occupy the greater portion of 
the Mississippi Valley. They extend from the Alleghany 
Mountains on the east, to the Rocky Mountains on the 
west ; and from British America on the north, to the 
Southern States on the south. 

2. This section of the United States includes, in the 
order in which they were admitted into the Union, Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Arkan- 
sas, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Kansas. 

3. The surface is generally level, except in the eastern 
parts of Tennessee and Kentucky, where it is mountainous. 
A considerable portion of the surface of these States, west 
of the Ohio and Mississippi, consists of prairies, some con- 
taining but few acres, and others spreading out to a vast 
extent, which slope only in the direction of the great rivers 
and lakes. 

4. These States are distinguished for their noble rivers, 
whose united length is upward of 25,000 miles ; for their 
extensive prairies, great lakes, fertile soil, mild and healthy 
climate ; and for having been the latest settled section of 
the Union, and lastly, for the unexampled rapidity of the 
increase in population, wealth, and political importance. 

5. The soil is of great depth and productive in the 
129 9 



130 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

highest degree, and it is impossible to set limits to its pro- 
ductive capacity. This section is emphatically the granary 
of the United States. 

6. The climate is pleasant and healthful, being less 
subject to changes than in the parallels of latitude between 
the Alleghany Mountains and the Atlantic. At St. Louis, 
the Mississippi is sometimes frozen over so that persons can 
cross it on the ice ; but it rarely occurs. 

7. The agricultural productions are various and abund- 
ant. Cotton, tobacco, and rice are produced in the southern 
portions ; wheat, Indian corn, potatoes, hemp, oats, and 
barley are extensively cultivated in other parts. Cattle and 
stock of all kinds are raised in great numbers ; and in some 
districts, the growing of wool is the leading pursuit. 

8. Inexhaustible supplies of the most valuable minerals 
are found beneath the surface. Gold, lead, iron, copper, 
coal, salt, and lime abound in various parts. No other 
region, of equal area, in the world can compare with these 
States in mineral wealth. 

9. The inland commerce of this section is very exten- 
sive. A great portion of the produce reaches New York by 
way of the Erie Canal ; and by the same route, foreign 
goods are returned. Immense quantities of foreign goods 
are transported across the country, from the east to the 
Ohio, and thence distributed throughout the country. The 
greater part of the trade is carried on by way of New Or- 
leans. The produce sent down the Mississippi is prodigious. ! 

10. The Interior States abound in tumuli^ or mounds 
of earth, and various structures, which appear to be remains 
of forts, or ancient fortifications, indicating the existence 
of a civilized people long before the discovery of this conti- 
nent by Columbus. The larger mounds were probably used 



THE INTERIOR STATES. i^i 

as temples of worship, while the smaller ones were conse- 
crated to the burial of their distinguished dead. 

11. The great prairies, often extending farther than 
the eye can reach, afford rich pasturage for buffaloes, or 
bisons, elk, deer, and wild horses. The Indians hunt these 
buffaloes on horseback and kill them by piercing them with 
their spears, or by driving them down precipices, where they 
are killed by the fall. 

12. Manufactures are rapidly increasing, and receive 
a considerable share of attention, notwithstanding the great 
inducements to agriculture. There are flourishing establish- 
ments at Pittsburg, Steubenville, Lexington, and Cincin- 
nati, and other places. 

13. Great interest is manifested by the people in the 
cause of education. Large appropriations are made by the 
different States for public schools, and colleges, academies, 
and schools of all kinds are quite generally established. 

14. Most of the Indians, now in the United States, are 
found in this section. They make but little progress by 
the side of their white neighbors ; they generally retain 
their original savage nature and disposition, while their 
boundaries are being gradually narrowed by the pale face. 
The Apaches and Comanches ot* Texas are splendid horse- 
men and daring robbers. On the frontier borders of Texas 
and Mexico, they frequently commit fearful depredations, 
and carry off women and children as slaves. 

15. The principal rivers of the Mississippi Valley are 
the Mississippi, Missouri, Illinois, Ohio, Arkansas, Tennes- 
see, Cumberland, Alabama, Wabash, the Red, and the Rio 
Grande. The two former are among the largest and most 
remarkable in the world. The Missouri at its mouth is 



132 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

larger than the river into which it empties, hence it loses 
its name in an inferior stream. 

16. The great lakes are Superior, Michigan, Huron, 
Erie, and Ontario, covering an area of 94,000 square miles, 
and containing more than halt* the quantity of fresh water 
on the globe. 

KENTUCKY 

1. The State of Kentuck}^ lies west of Virginia ; hav- 
ing the Ohio River for its northern and western boundary. 
The length of the State is about 300 miles, and its greatest 
breadth, 175. 

2. The territory, comprising the State of Kentucky, 
was claimed by the six nations, as a part of their hunting 
grounds. The Cherokees had the same claim, and collisions 
often took place between the parties, and bloody wars ensued 
which gave to the country the Indian name, Kentucky, 
signifying the bloody grounds. 

3. In 1768, Virginia purchased the claims of the six 
nations, and in 1769, Kentucky was first visited and ex- 
plored by Daniel Boone , and finally, settled by him and 
his associates, at Boonesborough, in 1775. 

4. The eastern part of the State is hilly, the western 
is level, spreading out into prairies. It lies entirely in the 
Valley of the Ohio, with its entire surface gradually des- 
cending from the Cumberland Mountains to the Ohio River. 
The State rests on a bed of lime stone, about eight feet 
below the surface. 

5. The soil is generally rich, and in the interior, it is 
celebrated for its fertility. The hills are gently rounded, 
with rich soil, and having narrow valleys between, of great 
fertility. The climate is mild and healthy. 



THE INTERIOR STATES. I33 

6. The staple products are tobacco, corn, flax, and 
hemp. Ill amount of tobacco annually produced, Kentucky 
ranks next to Virginia, and in Indian corn, second only to 
Ohio. Wheat, oats, rye, wool, butter, and honey are also 
produced in abundance. Hemp is extensively manufactured 
into cordage. 

7. The mineral productions are coal, iron, salt, and 
lime. Numerous licks abound, so called on account of their 
being the favorite resort of wild animals, for licking the salt 
from the ground. In the vicinity of these, the gigantic 
bones of the Mastodon have been found. 

8. Manufactures are limited ; acriculture being the 
leading pursuit. The principal articles of export are 
tobacco, cotton-bagging, and hemp cordage. Cattle, horses, 
hogs, and mules, are raised in great numbers, and sent to 
the neighboring States for sale. 

9. Mammoth Cave, near Green River, in Edmonson 
county, is one of the greatest natural curiosities in the world. 
It has been explored for a distance of 10 miles. It contains 
various windings, and apartments ; one of the latter is over- 
hung by a vast arch, in some places 100 feet high, without 
a single column or pillar to support it. Some of the rooms 
appear like lofty temples, and running through these pas- 
sages, are several rivers, one of them more than thirty feet 
deep, inhabited by a species of fish destitute of eyes ! 

10. The inhabitants of this State are noted for their 
frankness and hospitality. The men are celebrated for 
personal bravery, and skill in the use of the rifle. 

11. Area of State, 37,680 square miles. Area of 
coal region, 13,500 square miles. Popuhition in 1860, 
1,155,713. Slaves, 225,490. Inhabitants to the square 
mile, 30. Counties, 100. 



134 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

12. Cities and Towns. — Frankfort, the capital of the 
State, is situated on the right bank of the Kentucky River, 
60 miles from its mouth. It has considerable trade, which 
is facilitated by the navigation of the river, and by railroads. 

13. Louisville, on the south bank of the Ohio, is the 
principal city of the State, and ranks among the largest 
towns in the west. The city is regularly laid out, and the 
streets are well built and paved. An active trade is carried 
on, and large quantities of hemp and tobacco are annually 
exported. 

14. Covington is a flourishing city, located at the 
mouth of the Licking River, opposite Cincinnati. Mays- 
ville, on the Ohio, has considerable manufactures. 

15. Lexington, the oldest place, and greatest manu- 
facturing city in the State, is located on a branch of the 
Elkhorn, 25 miles from Frankfort. It is surrounded by a 
fertile country, and celebrated for the beauty of its situa- 
tion, and the refinement and hospitality of its inhabitants. 
It is the seat of Transylvania University. About a mile 
and a half from the city, is Ashland, memorable as having 
been the residence of Henry Clay. 

16. Paducah, Bardstown, the seat of St. Joseph Col- 
lege, Georgetown, the seat of Georgetown College, and 
Danville, of Centre College, are all important places. 

Key to Kentucky. 

21. Kentucuy. 

The State of Kentucky is west of Virginia. 

,, ,, ,, ,, ,, the capital 

the city of Frankfort, 

Rivers. 
1. The Kentucky River is in the State of Kentucky. 



i 



THE INTERIOR STATES. 135 

The Kentucky River rises in the Cumberland Mts., 
and empties into the Ohio River. 

The Kentucky River is two and a-hal£ hundred. 

2. Licking River is in northern Kentucky. 

and empties 

into the Ohio River. 

The Licking River is two hundred. 

3. The Green River is in western Kentucky. 

„ „ „ „ ,, ,» and empties 

into the Ohio River. 

The Green River is three hundred. 

4. The Big Barren River is in southern Kentucky. 

empties into the Green River. 

5. The Rough Creek is in western Kentucky. 



and 



empties into the Green River. 

6. Tradewater Creek is in western Kentucky. 

?? 9) 55 5? >' " 

empties into the Ohio River. 

Cilies and Towns, 
* Frankfort. 

a The city of Louisville is in the State Kentucky. 
b Bardstown. j Pikeville. 

c Elizabethtown. k Paintville. 

d Smithland. / Harrodsburg. 

e Paducah. m Mt. Vernon. 

/ Mayfield. n Wild Cat. 

g Lexington. o London. 

h Paris. p Richmond. 

i Cynthiana. q Mill Spring. 



and 



136 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

r Mumfordsville. x Williamstown. 

5 Perryville. y Shelbyville. 

/ Augusta. 2 Russellville. 

u Elliot's Mills. a Bowling Green. 

V Louisa. b Tompkinsville. 

w Greenupsburg. c Burkesville. 

TEWIVESSEE. 

1. Tennessee is situated south of Kentucky, and nortn 
of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, extending from 
North Carolina to the Mississippi River. It is about 400 
miles in average length, and its mean breadth is about 100. 

2. The territory comprising this State, was claimed by 
North Carolina, and by her, ceded to the United States, in 
1789. It was erected by Congress into a territorial govern- 
ment in 1790 ; and admitted into the Union in 1796. 

8. This State is divided into East, Middle, and West 
Tennessee, by the Cumberland Mountains, which intersect 
the State, extending from south-west to north-east. 

4. The eastern part abounds in mountains and hills, 
presenting a grand and picturesque scenery. The middle 
section is rugged and hilly, but not mountainous. It grad- 
ually becomes undulating, and even level in the north. 
The western part is generally level. 

5. The soil in the middle, and western portions of the 
State, is exceedingly fertile ; while in the east, it is for the 
most part, poor and unproductive. The climate is peculiarly 
mild. The winters are short, and the summers are much 
more mild and pleasant than those of the States bordering 
on the Gulf. 

6. The staple products are Indian corn, cotton, and 
tobacco. Grains of all kinds, grass, and fruits are pro- 



THE INTERIOR STATES. I37 

duced in abundance. Immense numbers of mules and hogs 
are raised in this State. 

7. The principal mineral products are iron, copper, 
gold, coal, and salt. Iron is manufactured to a considerable 
extent. There are several rolling-mills, furnaces, and mill- 
works, 

8. Among the Cumberland Mountains are several 
caverns, one of which has been explored to the depth of four 
hundred feet, where there is a stream of water, large enough 
to turn a mill. 

9. Imprinted in the rocks of some of these mountains, 
are to be seen the tracks of men, horses, and other animals. 
Along the shore of the Mississippi there are tracks of human 
feet in the stone, each having six toes. In various parts 
of the State are found the remains of a people, who inha- 
bited the country centuries ago. 

10. Area of State, 45,600 square miles. Area of coal 
region, 4,300 square miles. Population in 1860, 1,109,847. 
Slaves, 275,784. Inhabitants to the square mile, 24. 
Counties, 80. 

11. Cities and Towns. — Nashville, the capital, is sit- 
uated on the left bank of the Cumberland River, 122 miles 
from its entrance into the Ohio. It is handsomely built, 
in the midst of a fertile, and populous district, and few 
cities exhibit more hospitality and refinement, or display a 
greater number of elegant public buildings. It is the largest 
and most commercial city in the State. Distance from 
Washington, 714 miles. 

12. About 10 miles above Nashville, is a delightful 
residence, called the Hermitage, memorable as the dwelling 
of the late President Jackson. 



238 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

13. Memphis, in the south-west corner of the State, 
on the Mississippi, has considerable trade, and is the most 
important place on the Mississippi, between St. Louis and 
New Orleans. Immense quantities of cotton are shipped at 
this port. 

14. Knoxville is situated on the Holston, 22 miles 
from its junction with the Tennessee. It is the seat of 
Knoxville College, and was formerly the capital of the 
State. 

15. Murfreesboro is situated in the midst of a fertile 
reorion, about 80 miles south-east from Nashville. Frank- 
lin and Columbia in Middle Tennessee, are thriving towns. 
Clarksville, Bolivar, and Winchester, are also important 
places. 

Key to Tennessee. 
22. Tennessee. 

The State of Tennessee is w^est of North Carolina. 
I'he ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, the 

capital the city of Nashville. 

Mcuntains. 

1. The Cumberland Mts. are in eastern Tennessee. 

2. The Alleghany Mts. are in ,, ,, 

Rivers. 

1. The Tennessee River is in the State of Tennessee. 
The ,, ,, rises in the Alleghany Mts., 

and empties into the Ohio River. 

The Tennessee River is twelve hundred. 

2. The Cumberland River is in the State of Tennessee. 
The ,, ,, rises in the Cumberland Mts., 

and empties into the Ohio River. 

The Cumberland River is six hundred. 



THE INTERIOR STATES. I39 

3. The Duck River is in middle Tennessee. 

The ,, ,, rises in the Cumberland Mts., and 
empties into the Tennessee River. 

The Duck River is two and a-half hundred. 

4. The Clinch River is in eastern Tennessee. 

The ,, ,, rises in the Alleghany Mts., and 
empties into the Tennessee River. 

The Clinch River is two hundred. 

5. The Holston River is in eastern Tennessee. 

The ,, ,, rises in the Alleghany Mts. , and 
empties into the Broad River. 

The Holston River is two hundred. 

6. The Broad River is in eastern Tennessee. 

The ,, ,, rises in North Carolina, and emp- 
ties into the Holston River. 

The Broad River is one and a-half hundred. 

7. The Hatchee River is in western Tennessee. 

The „ „ „ „ „ „ and emp- 

ties into the Mississippi River. 

8. The Deer River is in western Tennessee. 

The . ,, and emp- 

ties into the Mississippi River. 

9. The Elk River is in the State of Tennessee. 

The ,, ,, rises in the Cumberland Mts, and 
empties into the Tennessee River. 

Cities and Towns. 
* Nashville. 

a Knoxville. / Paris. 

b Clinton. g Lebanon. 

c Murfreesboro. h Junction. 

d Pittsburg Landing. i Cumberland Gap. 
e Island No. 10. j Clarksville. 



140 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

k Charlotte. r Memphis. 

/ Reynoldsburg. s Lawrenceburg. 

in Huntingdon. t Savannah, 

n Lexington. u Chattanooga. 

o Jackson. v Athens. 

p Brownsville. w Farmington. 

q Bolivar. 

Forta. 

1. Fort Wright is in western Tennessee. 

2. ,, Randolph ,, ,, „ 

3. ,, Pillow „ ,, ,, 

OHIO. 

1. The State of Ohio lies west of Pennsylvania and 
Virginia, and is situated between Lake Erie on the north, 
and the Ohio River on the south. Its extreme length from 
north to south is about 200 miles, and the extreme breadth 
about the same. 

2. The territory of this State was formerly claimed by 
Virginia and Connecticut, by virtue of their original patents, 
which embraced all lands within their parallels of latitude 
westward, to the Pacific Ocean. These States, in 1789, 
ceded their claims to Congress, Virginia reserving her mili- 
tary bounty lands, and Connecticut some 3,000,000 acres 
in the north-east part of the State, known as the Western 
Reserve. 

3. General Putnam, with a company of New Engen- 
ders, in 1788, commenced the settlement of Ohio at Mari- 
etta. Soon after, Fort Washington was built upon the 
Scioto, and thenceforward, the country began to increase 
rapidly in population. Ohio became a State in 1802. 

4. The surface, in the south-east portion of the State, 



THE INTERIOR STATES. |42 

is rough and hilly, but the northern and western parts are 
level and interspersed with prairies. The central part is 
high table-land, about 1000 feet above the level of the sea. 

5. The soil is exceedingly fertile. Nine-tenths of the 
surface of the State is susceptible of cultivation, and three- 
fourths of it is very productive. The climate in the southern 
part is mild and pleasant, but in the north it is as cold and 
rigorous, as in the same latitude on the sea-coast. 

6. Wheat, rye, oats, Indian corn, flax, hemp, barley, 
tobacco, and buckwheat are raised in vast quantities. — 
Wheat and corn are the staple products. More corn was 
produced in 1850, than in any other State in the Union. 
Fruits of all kinds, and of the finest quality, are extensively 
cultivated. Iron and coal are the principal minerals, and 
are found in abundance, in the south-east part of the Stare. 

7. The manufactures are already important, and rap- 
idly increasing in variety and extent. The chief articles of 
manufacture are wool, iron, and leather. Wine is made to 
some extent, in the south-west, and cheese extensively in 
the north-east. 

8. This State is noted for its internal improvements. 
In railroads it surpasses every other State ; all important 
places being either connected by railroads or canals. 

9. Great interest is manifested by the people in the 
cause of education. Large appropriations are made annu- 
ally for educational purposes, and the schools of this State 
are among the best in the Union. 

10. The manners and customs of the inhabitants par- 
take of the character of their New England ancestors. 
They are remarkable for their industrious habits, a love' of 
order, religion, education, and good institutions. 

11. Owing to its position, fertile soil, mildness of 



242 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

climate, and inexhaustible resources, Ohio has increased 
rapidly in wealth and population, and is one of the most 
favored portions of our country. In population it stands 
third in the Union. 

12. Area of State, 39,964 square miles; area of coal 
region, 11,900 square miles. Population in 1860, 2,339,- 
599; free colored, 36,225. Inhabitants to the square 
mile, 59. Counties, 88. 

13. Cities and Towns. — Columbus, the capital, is 
situated near the centre of the State, on the left bank of the 
Scioto River, 110 miles from Cincinnati, and 396 from 
Washington City. In the centre of the city is a large 
public square of 10 acres, containing the public buildings. 
The new State House here, is said to be one of the finest 
in the Union. 

14. Cincinnati, the metropolis of Ohio, and t'ae largest 
city of the Interior States, is beautifully situated on the 
north bank of the Ohio, in the south-west part of the State. 
It is finely built, and the centre of an extensive and flourish- 
ing trade, and noted as being the greatest poik market in 
the world. Cincinnati is especially distinguished for the 
variety and importance of its manufactures, the extent of 
its commerce, and for its literary and benevolent institutions. 

15. Steubenvilleis in the north-east part, on the Ohio, 
and has extensive manufactures. Zanesville, on the Mus- 
kingum, is noted for its flour-mills, and is extensively en- 
gaged in manufactures. Circleville is locat-'^d on the site 
of an ancient circular fortification. 

16. Cleveland, on Lake Erie, has one of the finest 
harbors on the lake. The city is beautifuUy laid out, with 
streets so profusely shaded with forest trees, that it is often 
styled the "Forest City." Sandusky City and Toledo are 



THE INTERIOR STATES. ^40 

important commercial cities. Marietta, at the mouth of 
the Muskingum, is the oldest town in the State. 
Key to Oliio. 

23. Ohio. 
The State of Ohio is west of Pennsjlvania. 
The ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, the capital 

the city of Columbus. 

Rivers. 

1. The Muskingum River is in the State of Ohio. 
Thp 

and empties into the Ohio River. 

The Muskingum River is one hundred. 

2. The Tuscarawas River is in eastern Ohio. 

The ,, ,, „ „ „ and 

empties into the Muskingum River. 

3. The Walhonding River is in the State of Ohio. 
The „ ,, ,, ,, „ and 

empties into the Muskingum River. 

4. Hocking River is in southern Ohio. 

Hocking ,, ,, ,, ,, and empties 

into the Ohio River. 

The Hocking River is one hundred. 

5. The Racoon River is in southern Ohio. 

The ,, ,, ,, „ „ and empties 

into the Ohio River. 

6. The Scioto River is in the State of Ohio 

Tlie „ ,, „ „ „ and 

empties into the Ohio River. 

The Scioto River is two hundred. 

7. The Whetstone River is in the State of Ohio 



144 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

The Whetstone River is in the State of Ohio, and 
empties into the Scioto River. 

8. Paint Creek is in southern Ohio. 

Paint ,, ,, ,, ,, and empties into 

the Scioto River. 

9. The Little Miami River is in south-west Ohio. 
The ,, ,, ,, „ „ and 

empties into the Ohio River. 

10. The Miami River is in south-west Ohio. 

The ,, ,, „ „ „ and 

empties into the Ohio River. 

The Miami River is one and a-half hundred. 

11. The Cuyahoga River is in northern Ohio. 

The ,, „ „ ,, „ and 

empties into Lake Erie. 

12. Huron River is in northern Ohio. 

Huron ,, ,, ,, ,, and empties 

into Lake Erie. 

13. The Sandusky River is in northern Ohio. 

The ,, ,, ,, ,, „ and 

empties into the Bay of Sandusky. 

The Sandusky River is one hundred. 

14. The Portage River is in northern Ohio. 

The ,, ,, ,, ,, „ and 

empties into the Bay of Sandusky 

15. The Maumee River is in north-west Ohio. 

The ,, ,, rises in Indiana, and empties 

into Lake Erie. 

The Maumee River is one hundred. 

16. Darby River is in the State of Ohio. 

Darby „ „ ,, „ and emp- 

ties into the Scioto River. 



145 



THE INTERIOR STATES. 
17. The Ohio River is south of Ohio. 

The ,, ,, rises in Pennsjlvania, and empties 
into the Mississippi River. 

The Ohio River is nine and a-half hundred. 

Lakes and Bays. 

1. Lake Erie is north of Ohio. 

Lake Erie is two and and a-half hundred. 

2. The Bay of Sandusky is in northern Ohio. 

Cities and Towns 
* Columbus. 
a Lancaster is on the Hocking River. 

r Sandusky. 

5 Toledo. 

/ Perrysburg. 



b Athens. 
c Marietta. 
d Circleville. 
e Chilicothe. 
/Piketon. 
g Portsmouth. 
h Gallipolis. 
i Burlington. 
j Cincinnati. 
k Hamilton. 
/ Dayton. 
m Xenia. 
n Cleveland. 
o Painsville. 
p Ohio City. 
q Jefferson. 



u Napoleon. 

V Defiance. 

w Steubenville. 

X St. Clairsville. 

y Cambridge. 

z Zanesville. 

a Delaware. 

b Marion. 

C Mt. Vernon. 

d Upper Sandusky. 

e New Lisbon. 

f Belleville., 

g Buffington. 



1. Indiana is situated between Ohio on the east, and 

Illinois on the west, and extends from Michigan on the 

north, to the Ohio River on the south. Its extreme length 
10 



146 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

is about 375 miles, and its width 145 miles. It is the 
smallest of the Interior States. 

2. The territory embracing this State was first explored 
by La Salle, a Frenchman, from Canada, in the year 1680. 
In the year 1736, a company of French came out from 
Canada, and settled the town of Vincennes, on the Wabash. 
In 1800, it formed a part of the Indian Territory, and 16 
years after was admitted into the Union as an independent 
State. 

3. The surface in the southern part, along the Ohio, 
is hilly; in the south-west, it is rugged and broken. The 
remaining portion of the State is generally level, and in- 
terspersed with prairies. 

4. The soil, for the most, is extremely rich and pro- 
ductive, repaying the labors of the husbandman with luxuriant 
crops. The climate is similar to that of Ohio. 

5. Indian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, butter, fruits, 
wool, live-stock, and maple sugar, are the principal pro^ 
ducts. Corn is the great staple, and the State ranks fourth 
in its production. Near Vevay, the grape vine is success- 
fully cultivated by a company of Swiss settlers. 

6. Coal, iron, and epsom salts are the chief minerals. 
Agriculture forms the leading pursuit. The State is not 
engaged to any great extent in manufactures, although it 
possesses ample facilities. An active lake and river trade 
is carried on, the leading articles of export being pork, 
live-stock, beef, lard, corn, wheat, and wool. 

7. This State was the seat of a powerful Indian tribe, 
who gave much trouble to the inhabitants and the Govern- 
ment, until defeated by General Harrison, in 1811, at 
Tippecanoe. 



THE INTERIOR STATES. 147 

8. Considerable attention is devoted to the subject of 
education ; schools, academies, and colleges are numerous, 
and well conducted. 

9. Area of State: 33,809 square miles; area of coal 
region, 7,700 square miles. Population in 1860: 1,350,- 
941 ; free colored, 10,869. Inhabitants to the square 
mile: 40. Counties: 91. 

10. Cities and Towns. — Indianapolis, the capital, is 
located on White River, near the centre of the State, and 
is noted for its rapid growth and prosperity. No less than 
seven railroads centre in the city, and it is destined to be- 
come one of the most important cities of the Interior States. 
It contains a handsome State House, and several other public 
buildings. Distance, 573 miles west from Washington. 

11. New Albany, on the Ohio, two miles below the 
Falls, is one of the most important places in the State, and 
is noted for steamboat building. Madison, on the Ohio, 90 
miles below Cincinnati, is a place of considerable commer- 
cial importance. 

12. Evansville, in the south-west, is an important 
manufacturing and commercial city. Vincennes, on the 
Wabash, is the oldest town in the State. Lafayette, at the 
head of navigation on the same river, is the chief grain mar- 
ket in the State. 

13. The other important towns are Terre Haute, Fort 
Wayne, Logansport, Michigan City, Richmond, and Jeffer- 
sonville. 

Hey to Indiana. 
24. Indiana. 
The State of Indiana is west of Ohio. 
The ,, „ „ „ „ the capital, the 

city of Indianapolis. 



;[48 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

Rivers, 

1. The Wabash River is in the State of Indiana. 

J? •)') 9) 5 5 5 5 5 5 ^^^ 

empties into the Ohio River. 

The Wabash River is five and a-half hundred. 

2. The White River is in southern Indiana. 

The ,, ,, ,, „ „ and emp- 

ties into the Wabash River. 

3. The West White River is in the State of Indiana. 

The ,, ,. ,, is three hundred. 

4. The East White River is in southern Indiana. 
The ,, ,, ,, is two and a-half hundred. 

5. The Tippecanoe River is in northern Indiana. 

The ,, ,, ,, ,, „ and 

empties into the Wabash River. 

The Tippecanoe River is two hundred. 

6. Eel River is in northern Indiana. 

Eel ,, ,, ,, ,, and empties into 

the Wabash River. 

7. St. Joseph's River is in northern Indiana. 

St. ,, ,, rises in Michigan, and empties 

into the Maumee River. 

8. St. Mary's River is in northern Indiana. 

St. ,, ,, rises in Ohio, and empties into 
the Maumee River. 

9. The Mississinewaw River is in the State of Indiana. 

The 

■^^^ 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 

and empties into the Wabash River. 

10. The Wild Cat River is in the State of Indiana. 
The „ ,, ,, ,, „ „ and 

empties into the Wabash River. 

11. Sugar Creek is in western Indiana. 



THE INTERIOR STATES. 149 

Sugar Creek is in western Indiana, and empties into 
the Wabash River. 

12. Patoka. 

13. Blue. 

Lakes. 
1. Beaver Lake is in northern Indiana. 

Cities and Towns. 
* Indianapolis. 

a Lawrenceburg is in southern Indiana. 
b Vevaj. m Paoli. 

c Madison. n Vincennes. 

d Jeffersonville. o Terre Haute. 

e New Albany. p Lafayette. 

f Eredonia. q La Porte. 

g Rome. r Michigan City. 

h Evansville. 5 Plymouth. 

i Mt Vernon.. t Augusta. 

j Martinsville. u Fort Wayne. 

k Bloomfield. v Versailles. 

/ Bloomington. iv Greenfield. 

IlLLINOIS. 

1. Illinois lies west of Indiana, and extends from Wis- 
consin on the north, to the junction of the Ohio with the 
Mississippi. Its extreme length, from north to south, is 
about 380 miles, and its average breadth 140. 

2. Illinois was first explored by Marquette, as early as 
1671, by the way of the lakes. It was also a part of the 
interior, discovered by La Salle, in 1680. Soon after the 
discovery of La Salle, in 1720, the French commenced the 
settlement of the country, at Kaskaskia; Cahokia was 
settled by them about the same time. 



150 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

3. Illinois became a territorial government in 1800, 
and eighteen years after was admitted into the Union as an 
independent State. During the same year, the United 
States Commissioners met the chiefs of the Kickapoo Indians 
at Edwardsville, and purchased by treaty 10,000,000 acres 
of land, lying between the Illinois, Mississippi, Kaskaskia, 
and the Kankakee Rivers. 

4. The surface is generally level, except in the southern 
part, where it is somewhat broken and hilly. The greater 
part of the surface is a table-land, from 350 to 800 feet 
above the level of the Gulf of Mexico, sloping southward. 
About two-thirds of the State are prairie. 

5. The soil, generally, is exceedingly fertile. Wheat, 
corn, oats, hay, potatoes, butter, cheese, and stock of all 
kinds are produced in abundance. In amount of corn annu- 
ally produced, Illinois ranks third in the Union. The 
climate is mild and healthy. 

6. Lead and coal are the chief minerals. The lead- 
mines of Galena are the richest in the world. Coal abounds 
in most every part of the State. Copper and iron are also 
found in some localities. Large quantities of salt are man- 
ufactured from the salt springs in the southern part of the 
State. 

7. Manufactures are limited, agriculture being the 
leading pursuit. The agricultural resources of the State 
are unsurpassed by any other in the Union. Lead is the 
principal article of export. 

8. Area of State, 55,409 square miles ; area of coal 
region, 44,000 square miles. Population in 1860, 1,711,- 
753 ; free colored, 7,609. Inhabitants to the square mile, 
30. Counties, 101. 



THE INTERIOR STATES. 1^52 

9. Cities and Towns. — Springfield, the capital, is ou 
the border of a beautiful prairie, near the centre of the State. 
The streets are broad and shaded, and the city presents a 
fine appearance. 

10. Chicago, situated on the south-west shore of Lake 
Michigan, is the largest and most commercial city in the 
State. Since its settlement it has rapidly increased in wealth 
and population. Its commerce is chiefly lumber and grain. 
Dis.ance, 763 miles north-west from Washington. 

11. Alton and Quincy, on the Mississippi, are im- 
portant commercial places. Peoria, on the west bank of the 
Illinois River, is a flourishing city, and has considerable 
trade. A drawbridge spans the river here. 

12. Galena is noted for its valuable lead mines. Kas- 
kaskia and Cahokia are the oldest towns in the State. 
Jacksonville is the seat of Illinois College ; Blooming- 
ton of the State Normal School. 

Key to Illiuois. 

23. Illinois. 

The State of Illinois is west of Indiana. 

The ,, ,, ,, ,, the capital, 

the ciry of Springfield. 

Rivers. 

1. The Illinois River is in the State of Illinois. 

The ,, ,, „ „ „ and 

empties into the Mississippi River. 

The Illinois River is four hundred. 

2. The Spoon River is in western Illinois. 

The ,, „ „ „ „ and empties 
into the Illinois River. 

The Spoon River is one hundred. 



152 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

3. The Rock River is in northern Illinois. 

The ,, ,, rises in Koshkonong Lake, and 
empties into the Mississippi. 

The Rock River is three and a- third hundred. 

4. The Sangamon River is in the State of Illinois. 
The ,, ,, „ ,, „ and 

empties into the Illinois River. 

The Sangamon River is two hundred. 

5. The Kaskaskia River is in southern Illinois. 

The ,, „ „ „ „ and 

empties into the Mississippi. 

The Kaskaskia River is three hundred. 

6. The Shoal River is in southern Illinois. 

The ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, and empties 

into the Kaskaskia River. 

7. The Fox River is in northern Illinois. 

The ,, ,, rises in Wisconsin, and empties into 
the Illinois River. 

The Fox River is two hundred. 

8. The Des Plains River is in northern Illinois. 

The ,, ,, ,, rises in Wisconsin, and emp- 
ties into the Illinois River. 

The Des Plains River is two hundred. 

9. The Kankakee River is in the State of Illinois. 
The ,, ,, rises in Indiana, and empties 

into the Illinois River. 

The Kankakee River is one hundred. 

10. The Iroquois River is in eastern Illinois. 

The ,, ,, rises in Indiana, and empties 

into the Kankakee River. 

11. The Vermillion River is in the State of Illinois. 



THE INTERIOR STATES. I53 

The Vermillion River is in the State of Illinois, and 
empties into the Illinois River. 

12. The Mackinaw River is in the State of Illinois. 
The ^ ,, ,, ,, ,, ^j and 

empties into the Illinois River. 

13. The Embarras River is in eastern Illinois. 

-The ,, ,, ,, ,, J J and 

empties into the Wabash River. 

The Embarras River is one and a-half hundred. 

14. The Little Wabash River is in southern Illinois. 
The ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, and 

empties into the Wabash River. 

The Little Wabash River is one and a-half hundred. 

15. The Big Muddj River is in southern Illinois. 
The ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, and 

empties into the Mississippi River. 

Lakes, 

1. Lake Peoria is in the Illinois River. 

2. Lake Pishtaka is in northern Illinois. 

Cities and Towns. 

^ Springfield. 

a The city of Chicago is in northern Illinois. 

b Alton. j Petersburg, 

c Quincy k Decatur. 

d Warsaw. / Monticello. 

e Nauvoo. m Shawnetown. 

/ Rock Island. n Golconda. 

^ Galena. o Cairo. 

h Naples. p Kaskaskia. 

i Jacksonville. q Carlisle. 



154 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

r Vandalia. v Marshall. 

5 Shellbvville. to Peoria. 

/ Hillsboro. x Bloomington. 

u Salem. y East St. Louis. 

MISSOIURI. 

1. The State of Missouri borders the Mississippi River 
on the west, and extends from Iowa on the north, to Ar- 
kansas on the south. Its extreme length from east to west 
is about 287 miles, and extreme breadth 280. 

2. Missouri was settled by the French at St. Louis, in 
1764. By the purchase of Louisiana, it came into the pos- 
sesion of the United States. In 1804, it formed a territo- 
rial government, and seventeen years after, was admitted 
into the Union as a State. 

3. The surface, above the Missouri River in the north- 
east part, is hilly ; the north-west is an extensive prairie, 
interspersed here and there with groves of timber. The 
south-west portion, beyond the Gasconade River and 
Springfield, is chiefly prairie ; the south-east is mountainous 
and hilly, being interspersed by the Ozark Mountains. The 
extreme south-east, however, is low, swampy, full of lakes, 
and subject to inundation. 

4. The soil for the most part, is exceedingly fertile, 
especially along the margin of the rivers. The best portion 
of the State lies between the Mississippi and Missouri 
Rivers, which has large tracts of alluvial and hilly prairies, 
plentifully supplied with timber. 

5. The climate, though subject to sudden changes, is 
healthy and pleasant. The summers are very warm, and 
the Avinters mild. The fruits are early and grow in great 
profusion. 



THE INTERIOR STATES. 255 

6. Indian corn, wheat, rje, oats, cotton, tobacco, and 
hemp, are the principal agricultural products. In the amount 
of hemp annually produced, this State is second only to 
Kentucky. Large herds of cattle, swine, and horses are 
fed on the prairies. 

7. Missouri is rich in mineral resources. The iron, 
lead, and coal regions are inexhaustible. The celebrated 
Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob are immense masses of iron, 
yielding 80 per cent, of pure iron, sufficient to supply the 
whole world for centuries. The lead region is not less 
than 3000 square miles in area. 

8. The State is not engaged to any extent in manu- 
factures. Mining and agriculture are the leading pursuits. 
The chief articles of export are lead, furs, live-stock, 
hemp, cotton, and tobacco. 

9. Missouri is now a free State ; and from its geo- 
graphical position, fertile soil, fine climate, and its unpar- 
alleled agricultural and mineral resources, is destined to 
become one of the most powerful and influential States in 
the Union. 

10. Area of State, 67,380 square miles. Area of coal 
region, 6,000 square miles. Population in 1860, 1,182,317. 
Slaves, 114,965. Free colored, 2,983. Inhabitants to the 
square mile, 17. Counties, 106. 

11. Cities and Towns. — Jefferson City, the capital of 
the State, is pleasantly located on the right bank of the 
Missouri River, 150 miles from its mouth. 

12. St. Louis occupies a fine position on the right 
bank of the Mississippi, 20 miles below the mouth of the 
Missouri, 180 above that of the Ohio, and 1,200 from the 
sea. It is the second city in the Interior States, and the 



156 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

great commercial emporium of the entire Mississippi Valley. 
The city extends nearly eight miles along the river, and 
presents an imposing appearance when approached from the 
water. It is generally well built, and contains several 
costly public buildings, among which are the Court-House, 
Post Office and Custom House, the Lindell and Southern 
Hotels. Distance due west from VVashington, 856 miles. 

13. Hannibal, on the Mississippi, 150 miles north of 
St. Louis, is an important commercial place. St. Charles, 
on the Missouri, 20 miles from its mouth, was formerly the 
capital of the State. 

14. Booneville, Lexington, St. Genevieve, Cape Girar- 
deau, St. Joseph, Kansas City, Independence, and Colum- 
bia, are also important places. 

Key to ITIissouri. 

26. Missouri. 
The State of Missouri is west of Illinois. 
The ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, the capital, 

the city of Jefferson. 

Mountains. 

1. The Ozark Mts. are in south-west Missouri. 

2. Iron Mountain is in south-east Missouri. 

3. Pilot Knob is in ,, ,, 
Pilot Knob is fifteen hundred. 

Rivers, 

1. The Missouri River is in the Mississippi Valley. 
The ,, ,, rises in the Rocky Mts., and 

empties into the Mississippi River. 

The Missouri River is thirty hundred. 

2. The Osage River is in the State of Missouri. 



THE INTERIOR STATES. 157 

The Osage River rises in Kansas and empties into the 
Missouri River. 

The Osage River is six hundred. 

3. The Gasconade River is in the State of Missouri 
The ,, ,, rises in the Ozark Mts., and 

empties into the Missouri River. 

The Gasconade River is two and a-half hundred. 

4. The Merrimac River is in eastern Missouri. 

The ,, ,, rises in the Ozark Mts., and 

empties into the Mississippi River. 

The Merrimac River is two hundred. 

5. The Niangua River is in southern Missouri. 

The ,, ,, rises in the Ozark Mts., and 

empties into the Osage River. 

6. The Pomme de Terre River is in south-west Missouri. 

The ,, ,, ,, rises in the Ozark Mts., 

and empties into the Osage River. 

7. The Sae River is in south-west Missouri. 

The ,, ,, rises in the Ozark Mts., and empties 
into the Osage River. 

8. The Current River is in south-east Missouri. 

The ,, ,, rises in the Ozark Mts., and 

empties into the White River. 

9. The Salt River is in north-east Missouri. 

The ,, ,, „ „ „ and emp- 

ties into the Mississippi River. 

The Salt River is one and a-half hundred. 

10. The Chariton River is in northern Missouri. 

The ,, ,, rises in Iowa, and empties into 

the Missouri River. 

The Chariton River is two hundred. 



258 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

11. The Grand River is in north-west Missouri. 
The ,, ,, rises in Iowa, and empties into 

the Missouri River. 

The Grand River is two and a-half hundred. 

Lakes. 

1. Lake St. Mary is in south-east Missouri. 

2. Lake Nicormy is in south-east Missouri. 

3. Stoddard Lake ,, ,, ,, 

4. Pemiscot Lake ,, ,, ,, 

Cities and Toivns. 
* Jefierson City. 

a The city of St. Louis is in the State of Missouri. 
b St. Charles. 
c Hermann. 
d Boonville. 
e Lexington. 
f Kansas City, 



g Independence. 
h Liberty. 
z Springfield. 
j Willson's Creek. 
k Dug Spring. 
/ Carthage. 
m Neosho. 
n Osceola. 
o Athens. 
p Hannibal. 
q Monroe. 
r Ironton. 



s Fredericktown. 
/ New Madrid. 
u Charleston. 
V Bird's Point. 
IV St. Joseph. 
X Kirksville. 
y Warsaw. 
z Clinton. 
a Harrisonville. 
b Plattsburg. 
C Trenton. 
d Glasgow. 
e Huntsville. 
f Monticello. 
g Bowling Green. 
h Danville. 
i Mai^shall. 



ARH.A1VSAS. 
1. Arkansas lies west of the Mississippi, and extends 
from Missouri on the north, to Louisiana on the south. Its 



THE INTERIOR STATES. 159 

greatest length from north to south is about 240 miles, its 
greatest breadth about 220. 

2. This country was first explored and settled by the 
French, in 1685, at Arkansas Post, about 20 miles up that 
river. This settlement, like all the other French settlements 
in the Mississippi Valley, prospered but slowly ; they did 
not enjoy free government and free religion. Arkansas 
was admitted as equal member of the Uuion, in 1836. 

3. In the eastern part, for about 100 miles from the 
Mississippi, the surface is low and level, and much of it sub- 
ject to inundation. It is mostly covered with dense forests. 
In the interior, it is undulating, and mountainous and hilly 
in the west, interspersed with prairies, and barren plains. 

4. The soil along the margin of the water courses is 
very fertile ; in some parts it is barren, and on the whole 
not very productive. The climate, in the interior, is healthy 
and agreeable ; in the eastern and southern parts, moist 
and unhealthy. 

5. Cotton, grain, cattle, and horses are the staple pro- 
ductions. The principal mineral resources are iron, coal, 
lead, copper, zinc, gypsum, manganese, and salt. Manu- 
factures are limited ; the inhabitants being chiefly engaged 
in agricultural pursuits. The chief articles of export are 
the staple products. 

6. Fifty miles south-west of Little Rock are the cel- 
ebrated Hot Springs. They are about 80 in number, and 
several of them will cook an egg in a few minutes. Their 
temperature varies fi'om 135" to 160" Fahrenheit, and they 
are much resorted to by invalids. 

7. The chief mountains are the Ozark, and the Ma- 
serne in the west. This State is still the abode of numerous 
wild animals, such as deer, bears, elks, and wolves. 



160 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

8. Area, 54,500 square miles. Population in 1860, 
435,427. Slaves, 111,104. Free colored, 137. Inhab- 
itants to the square mile, 8. Counties, 54. 

9. Cities and Towns. — Little Rock, the capital o£ the 
State, is located on a high bluff, on the Arkansas River 
300 miles from its mouth. It is a small place, but has con- 
siderable trade. Distance from Washington, 1,068 miles 
south-west. 

10. Van Buren, on the north bank of the Arkansas, is 
an important commercial city. Helena, on the Mississippi, 
carries on an extensive trade with the north part of the 
State. 

11. Batesville, Fort Smith, and Napoleon, are the 
other principal places. 

Rey to Arkansas. 

27. Arkansas. 
The State of Arkansas is south of Missouri. 
The ,, ,, ,, ,, the capital, 

the city of Little Rock. 

Mountains, 
1, 2. The Boston Mts. are in north-west Arkansas. 

Rivers. 

1. The Arkansas River flows through Arkansas. 

The ,, ,, rises in the Rocky Mts., and 

empties into the Mississippi River. 

The Arkansas River is twenty hundred 

2. The White River is in the State of Arkansas. 

The ,, ,, rises in the Boston Mts., and emp- 
ties into the Mississippi River 

The White River is eight hundred. 

3. The St. Francis River is in eastern Arkansas. 



I 



THE INTERIOR STATES. X61 

The St. Francis River rises in Missouri, and empties 
into the Mississippi River. 

The St. Francis River is four and a-half hundred. 

4. The Big Black River is in northern Arkansas. 
The ,, ,, ,, rises in Missouri, and empties 

into the Mississippi River. 

The Big Black River is four hundred. 

5. Spring River is in northern Arkansas. 

Spring ,, rises in Missouri, and empties into the 
Big Black River. 

6. The North White River is in northern Arkansas. 
The ,, ,, ,, rises in the Ozark Mts., and 

empties into the White River. 

7. Little Red River is in the State of Arkansas. 
Little ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, and 

empties into the White River. 

The Little Red River is one and a-half hundred. 

8. The Saline River is in south-west Arkansas. 

The ,, ,, rises in the Indian Territory, and 

empties into the Red River. 

Lakes. 
1. Lake St. Francis is in north-east Arkansas. 

Cities and Toivns. 
* Little Rock. 

a Pine Bluff is on the Arkansas River. 

b Arkansas Post. i Brownville. 

c Napoleon. / Bentonville. 

d Columbia. k Pea Ridge. 

e Lewisburg. / Fayetteville. 

/ Dardanelle. m Salem. 

g Ozark. n Yellville. 

h Van Buren. o Lebanon. 

11 



162 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

•p St. Charles. / Warren. 

q Benton. u Gainsville. 

r Hot Springs. v Lewisville. 

5 Washington w xlrkadelphia. 

MICHIGA]V. 

1. Michigan lies in the centre of the Great Lakes. Ifc 
comprises two distinct peninsulas ; the southern, lying bet- 
ween Lake Huron on the east, and Lake Michigan on the 
west, extending to Ohio and Indiana on the south, and the 
northern, situated between Lake Superior and Wisconsin. 
The southern peninsula is about 280 miles long, and 200 
wide; the northern, in extreme length, is about 320 miles. 

2. This country was settled by the French, at Detroit, 
in 1675. They built tlie villages of Detroit and Michili- 
mackinac, and forts to protect the fur traders, who visited 
the interior country. France ceded it to Great Britain, 
and Great Britain to the United States. In 1800, it was 
formed into a territorial government, with General Hull as 
governor, and was admitted into the Union as a State, 
in 1837. 

3. The surface of the lower peninsula is generally level 
or undulating. It consists of two inclined plains, one 
sloping towards Lake Michigan on the west, the other 
towards the lakes on the east. The centre of this portion 
of the State is a beautiful table-land, of about 800 feet 
elevation. 

4. The northern peninsula is wild, rugged, and hilly, 
and interspersed with valleys and plains. It is but thinly 
settled, and is covered with forests, and abounds in mineral 
wealth. 

5. The soil of the southern peninsuala is generally fertile, 



163 THE INTERIOR STATES. 

and well adapted to agriculture ; that of the northern, is 
for the most part, rugged and sterile. The climate, al- 
though subjected to sudden changes, is quite healthj. It 
is cold and rigorous in the winter season, while in the sum- 
mer, it is often hot and oppressive. 

6. The chief productions are wheat, corn, hay, garden 
vegetables, live-stock, cheese, wool, butter, and maple 
sugar. Vegetation, in summer, comes forward rapidly. 
Wild game and fish of the finest quality are abundant. In 
the north-west, wild rice grows in profusion. 

7. The mineral treasures of the State are invaluable. 
Its mines of copper are said to be the richest on the globe. 
Rich mines of copper, blended more or less with silver, 
occur along the shores of Lake Superior. From one of the 
mines, a mass of copper was taken, which weighed 30 tons ; 
it was perfectly pure. Iron is found in large quantities, 
equal in quality to that of Norway and Sweden. 

8. Michigan has more lake coast than any other State 
in the Union. Surrounded as it is, by the great Lakes, it 
possesses immense commercial advantages. Its foreign 
commerce is chiefly confined to the British Provinces. Large 
quantities of lumber are exported to the Eastern and Southern 
States. 

9. Manufactures are in their infancy, but rapidly in- 
creasing. The State is chiefly engaged in agriculture. 

10. Area of State, 56,243 square miles; area of coal 
region, 5,000 square miles. Population in 1860, 749,- 
112; free colored, 6,823. Inhabitants to the square 
mile, 13. Counties, 73. 

11. Cities and Towns. — Lansing, is located on Grand 
River, near the centre of the State, 95 miles north-west 



164 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

from Detroit. It is in the midst of a fertile and tliriving 
region, and the seat of an agricultural college. The State 
House is a handsome building, on an eminence, 50 feet 
above the level of the river. 

12. Detroit, the principal city, and an important 
metropolis of the Interior States, is situated on the west 
bank of the Detroit River, 18 miles from Lake Erie. It is 
extensively engaged in commerce, and large numbers of 
steam-packets, freighted with merchandise and emigrants, 
are constantly arriving. Detroit was formerly an old French 
post, chiefly engaged in the fur-trade, and figured conspic- 
uously in the early Indian wars. Distance, north-west 
from Washington, 526 miles. 

13. Ann Arbor, on the Huron River, and the seat of 
the State University, is a neat and thriving city. Ipsilanti, 
on the same river, is the seat of the State Normal School. 
Monroe, located on the Raisin River, is a place of consi- 
derable commerce. 

14. Grand Rapids, Adrain, Marshall, Kalamazoo, Jack- 
son, Niles, Paw Paw, Grand Haven, and Pontiac, are all 
important towns. Mackinaw, on an island of the same 
name, near the strait, is a United States military post, where 
the Indians receive their allowance of money, blankets, &c., 
&c., from the Government. 

Key to Michigan. 

28. Michigan. 

The State of Michigan is north of Indiana. 
The ,, ,, ,, ,, the capital, 

the city of Lansing. 

Mountains. 
1. Mt. Houghton is in north-west Michigan, 



THE INTERIOR STATES. 165 

2. Silver Mt. is in north-west Michigan 
Rivei's. 

1. The Manistee River is in the State of Michigan. 
The „ ,, „ ,, ,, and 

empties into Lake Michigan. 

The Manistee River is one and a-halt* hundred.. 

2. The Maskegon River is in western Michigan. 

The ,, ,, rises in Houghton Lake, and 

empties into Lake Michigan. 

The Maskegon River is two hundred. 

3. The Grand River is in the State of Michigan. 

The ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, and 

empties into Lake Michigan. 

The Grand River is two hundred and sixty. 

4. Kalamazoo River is in southern Michigan. 
Kalamazoo ,, ,, ,, ,, and emp- 
ties into Lake Michigan. 

The Kalamazoo River is two hundred. 

5. St. Joseph River is in southern Michigan. 

St. ,, ,, ,, ,; ,, and emp- 

ties into Lake Michigan. 

St. Joseph River is two and a-half hundred. 

6. The Shiawassee River is in the State of Michigan. 
The 

and empties into Saginaw Bay. 

The Shiawassee River is one hundred and forty. 

7. Tittibawassee River \s in the State of Michigan. 
Tittibawassee ,, ,, ,, ,, and 

empties into the Shiawassee River. 

8. Flint River is in eastern Michigan. 

Flint ,, ,, ,, ,, and empties into 

Saginaw Bay. 



IQQ DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

9. The Huron River is in south-east Michigan. 

The „ „ „ „ „ andemp. 

ties into Lake Erie. 

10. Au Sable River is in northern Michigan. 

Au „ ,, ,, „ „ and emp- 

ties into Lake Huron. 

The Au Sable River is one and a-hal£ hundred. 

11. Thunder Bay River is in northern Michigan. 
Thunder ,, ,, ,, „ ,, and 

empties into Thunder Bay. 

12. Manistee. 

13. White. 

14. Eesconawba. 

15. Ontonagon. 

Lakes and Bays, 

1. Lake Superior is north of Michigan. 
Lake ,, is four hundred. 

2. Lake Michigan is east of Wisconsin. 

Lake ,, is three and a- third hundred. 

3. Lake Huron is east of Michigan. 
Lake ,, is two hundred and eighty. 

4. Lake St. Clair is east of Michigan. 

5. Houghton Lake is in the State of Michigan. 

6. Saginaw Bay is in eastern Michigan, 

7. Great Traverse Bay is in northern Michigan. 

8. Great Bay de Noquets is in ,, ,, 

9. Little ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, 

10. Thunder Bay is in northern Michigan. 

11. TequamenaBay is in ,, ,, 

12. Keweenaw ,, ,, north-west ,, 

13. Georgian Bay is east of Lake Huron. 



THE INTERIOR STATES. 167 

Cities and Tuivns, 

* Lansing. 

a The city of Detroit is in south-east Michigan. 

b Ann Arbor* o Grand Haven. 

c Jackson. p Grand Rapids. 

d Mai'shall. q St. Joseph. 

e Kalamazoo. r St. Clair. 

/ Monroe. s Flint. 

g Adrain. / Corunna. 

h Hillsdale. u Tecumseh. 

i Niles. V Manistee. 

j New Buffalo. w Grand Traverse. 

k Pontiac. x Tawas City. 

/ Howell. y Machinaw. 

m Mt. Clemens. z Ontonagon. 
n Saginaw. 

IOWA* 

1. The State of Iowa is situated between the Missis- 
sippi and jVIissouri Rivers, and extends from Missouri on 
the south, to Minnesota on the north. ' Its greatest length, 
from east to west, is about 300 m^'^s; and its greatest 
breadth, from north to south, about 200. 

2. The territory embracing this State, formed a part 
of the Louisiana purchase, and was originally settled by the 
French. The English had but little knowledge of this coun^ 
try, until 1783, when it was explored by Captain John 
Cawer. In 1838, it was organized as a Territory, and was 
admitted into the Union, in 1845, as an equal and inde- 
pendent State. 

3. The surface, generally, is a high rolling prairie, 
without mountains or hills, except in the north-east part. 



168 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY 

Along the margin of the rivers, there are frequent ranges 
of bluffs vailing in hight, from 30 to 100 feet, skirted with 
timber. 

4. The soil is exceedingly fertile, except in the north- 
east portion, where it is thin and unproductive. The soil 
in the lowlands along the streams, consists of a deep, rich 
black mould, while that of tJie prairies is a sandy loam. 
The greater part of the State consists of prairie, intersper- 
sed with beautiful groves of timber. 

5. Luxuriant crops of wheat, corn, rye, and oats, are 
produced. Lead is the chief mineral. The lead mines in 
the vicinity of Dubuque are among the richest in the world. 
Coal is abundant ; iron, copper, and limestone, are also 
found. 

6. The climate is temperate and healthful, but in the 
winter season, it is rather severe on account of the prevail- 
ing winds. 

7. The State, although possessing ample facilities, is 
not engaged extensively in manufactures. Agriculture is 
still the chief pursuit of the inhabitants. The principal ar- 
ticles of export are lead, pork, flour, and grain. 

8. Area of St? j,' 50,914 square miles. Population in 
1860, 674,948. Free colored, 1,023. Inhabitants to the 
square mile, 12. Counties, 98. 

9. Cities and Towns. — Des Moines, the capital of the 
State, is located on a river of the same name. Iowa City, 
the former capital, is on the left bank of the Iowa River. 
It is the seat of the Iowa State University. 

10. Dubuque, the principal city, and the central depot 
of the mineral region, is located on the west bank of the 
Mississippi, 450 miles above St. Louis. Burlington, on 
the same river, is a place of considerable commerce. 



THE INTERIOR STATES. 169 

11. The other important towns are Keokuk, Muscatine, 
Council Bluffs City, Davenport, Mount Pleasant, Fairfield, 
Cedar Rapids, and Keosauque. 

Key to Iowa. 

29. Iowa. 
The State of Iowa is north of Missouri. 
The „ •„ „ „ the capital, the 

city of Des Moines. 

Rivers, 

1. The Des Moines River is in the State of Iowa. 
The „ „ „ „ „ .» and 

empties into the Mississippi River. 

The Des Moines River is four hundred. 

2. The Iowa River is in the State of Iowa. 

The „ „ „ „ „ and empties 

into the Mississippi. 

The Iowa River is three hundred. 

3. Red Cedar River is in eastern Iowa. 

Red ,, „ rises in Minnesota, and empties 
into the Iowa River. 

The Red Cedar River is three hundred. 

4. Wapsipinecon River is in eastern Iowa. 
Wapsipinecon „ „ „ ., and empties 

into the Mississippi River. 

The Wapsipinecon River is two and a-half hundred. 

5. The Makoqueta River is in north-east Iowa. 

The „ „ „ „ » a^^ 

empties into the Mississippi River. 

The Makoqueta River is one hundred. 

6. The Turkey River is in north-east Iowa. 



170 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

The Turkey Riyer is in north-east Iowa, and empties 
into the Mississippi River. 

The Turkey River is one hundred and twenty. 

7. Upper Iowa River is in north-east Iowa. 

Upper Iowa River rises in Minnesota, and empties into 
the Mississippi River. 

The Upper Iowa River is one hundred and twenty. 

8. Racoon River is in the State of Iowa. 

Racoon ,, ,, ,, ,, and empties 

into the Des Moines River. 

The Racoon River is one hundred. 

9. Little Sioux River is in north-west Iowa. 

Little ,, ,, rises in Spirit Lake, and empties 
into Missouri River. 

The Little Sioux River is one and a-third hundred. 

10. Nishwabatona River is in south-west Iowa. 
Nishwabatona ,, ,, ,, ,, and 

empties into the Missouri River. 

Lakes. 
1. Spirit Lake is in north-west Iowa. 

Cities and Towns. 
* Des Moines. 

a Knoxville is on the Des Moines River. 
h Okaloosa. k Davenport, 

c Otumwa. / Forest City. 

d Keosauque. m Ontario. 

e Keokuk. n Marengo. 

/ Fort Madison. o Council Bluffs. 

^ Burlington. p Columbus. 

h Wapello. q Dubuque. 

i Washington. r Marion. 

j Muscatine. 



THE INTERIOR STATES. 171 

WISCONSIIV. 

1. Wisconsin lies north of Illinois, and between Michigan 
on the east, and Minnesota on the west. Its extreme length 
from north-west to south-east, is about 280 miles, and its 
extreme breadth about 240. 

2. This region was originally settled by the French, on 
Green Bay, in 1669. They also commenced settlements on 
the Wisconsin and Fox Rivers, before France ceded Canada 
to Great Britain. It was formerly a part of Michigan, but 
was formed into a separate territory, in 1836, and became 
a State in 1848. 

3. Wisconsin is avast plain, elevated from 600 to 1500 
feet above the Gulf of Mexico, slightly varied by hills and 
gentle undulations. The surface of the southern and cen- 
tral parts consists of prairies, and timber lands. In the 
northern part, it is hilly and rugged, and in some portions, 
mountainous. 

4. The soil generally, is exceedingly fertile, especially 
on the prairies, and in the timber lands of the central and 
southern portions ; but in the north and west, among the 
pine districts, it is light and thin. 

5. The climate is regular and healthful. The summers 
are cool and short, — the winters dry, but cold and rigorous. 
The air and water are remarkable pure. 

6. Wheat, oats, Indian corn, potatoes, live-stock, and 
butter, are the chief agricultural productions. The State 
is noted for its mineral wealth. Lead, copper, and iron 
abounds. The lead region, in the south-west, extends over 
an area, 100 miles in circumference. The copper mines of 
the northern part, are among the richest in the world. 

7. Manufactures are limited, and consist principally 



172 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

in that of lumber. The exports are the grains, lead, and 
lumber. Wisconsin is a highly favored region. The State 
is rapidly increasing in wealth and population, and bids fair 
soon to rank among the first States in the Union. 

8. Area, 53,924. square miles. Population in 1860, 
775,873. Free Colored, 1,481. Inhabitants to the square 
mile, 14. Counties, 50. 

9. Cities and Towns. — Madison, the capital, is beauti- 
fully located between Third and Fourth Lakes, in the 
southern part of the State. The Capitol is built on an em- 
minence, about 70 feet above the lakes. It is the seat of 
the University of Wisconsin. 

10. Milwaukee, the largest and most important city 
in the State, is located on a river of the same name, at its 
entrance into Lake Michigan. It has an extensive commerce, 
and is noted for its splendid buildings, and its rapid increase 
in population. Distance from Washington, 700 miles north- 
west. 

11. Prairie du Chien, on the Mississippi, is an old 
French settlement. In its vicinity are numerous mounds 
of great antiquity. Racine, on Lake Michigan, is the 
second city in population and commerce. 

12. The other principal places areBeloit, Fond duLac, 
Green Bay, Janesville, Kenosha, Sheboygan, Superior, and 
Ozaukee. 

Key to Wisconsin. 

30. Wisconsin. 

The State of Wisconsin is west of Michigan. 
The ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, the capital, 

the city of Madison. 



THE INTERIOR STATES. 173 

Rivers. 

1. The Wisconsin River is in the State of Wisconsin. 
The 5, 5 J rises in Michigan, and empties 

into the Mississippi River. 

The Wisconsin River is three and a-half hundred. 

2. Fox River is in eastern Wisconsin. 

Fox „ „ „ „ and empties into 

Green Bay. 

The Fox River is two hundred. 

3. Peshtego River is in eastern Wisconsin. 
Peshtego ,, „ „ „ and empties 

into Green Bay. 

4. Bad Axe River is in the State of Wisconsin. 

Bad „ „ „ „ „ and 

empties into the Mississippi River. 

5. The Black River is in western Wisconsin. 

The „ „ „ „ „ and empties 

into the Mississippi River. 

The Black River is one hundred. 

6. The Chippewa River is in northern Wisconsin. 
The „ „ „ ,, '» ^^^ 

empties into the Mississippi River. 

The Chippewa River is two hundred. 

7. Wolf River is in eastern Wisconsin. 

Wolf „ „ „ 5» and empties into 

Lake Winnebago. 

Lakes and Bays. 

1. Lake Winnebago is in the State of Wisconsin. 

2. Lake Koshkonong is in western ,, 

3. Green Bay is in the State of Wisconsin. 



274 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

Cities and Towns. 
* Madison. 

a The city of Milwaukee is in the State of Wisconsin. 
h Racine. g Fond du Lac. 

c Washington. h Beloit. 

d Sheboygan. i Prairie du Chien. 

e Manitowoc. j Horicon. 

/ Green Bay. k Waupacca. 

MINNESOTA.* 

1. The State of Minnesota is situated between Wiscon- 
sin on the east, and Dakota Territory on the west, and 
extends from Iowa to British America. Its extreme length 
is about 380 miles, and its average breadth about 130. 

2. Minnesota was settled at St. Paul, in 1846, by 
emigrants from the various States of the Union. It became 
an organized Territory in 1849^ 

3. The surface is an elevated table land, consisting 
mostly of rolling prairie, abounding in timber, lakes, and 
streams of pure water. The timber consists of oak, sugar- 
maple, and white pine. 

4. The soil is a sandy loam, quite productive, and well 
adapted to tillage. The climate is said to be remarkably 
healthy. 

5. Wheat, rye, oats, corn, and potatoes are produced 
in abundance. The State is noted for its white pine lumber, 
which is rafted in vast quantities down the St. Croix, and 
Mississippi River. Maple sugar is made by both the Whites 
and Indians, in considerable quantities. 



• Mine Soto, or Whitish Water, the name that the Sioux (Indians) 
gave to St. Peter's River. The under clay in the water has a whitish 
look.— Capf. Eastman f U. S, A, 



THE INTERIOR STATES. 175 

6. The minerals are lead, iron, and copper, found in 
the eastern part. Manufactures are yet in their infancy. 
White-pine lumber is the chief article of export. Agri- 
culture is the leading pursuit. 

7. Area, 75,000 square miles. Population in 1860, 
172,022. Free colored, 227. Inhabitants to the square 
mile, 2. 

8. Cities and Towns. — St. Paul, the capital of the 
State, is located on the east bank of the Mississippi, 8 
miles below the Falls of St. Anthony, and about 2000 miles 
from the Gulf of Mexico. The Capitol is a handsome 
structure. 

9. Minneapolis, St. Anthony, the seat of the Univer- 
sity of Minnesota, Stillwater, Winona, Mankato, Traverse 
des Sioux, St. Cloud, and Wabashaw, are the principal 
places. 

Key to I^iiinesota. 

31. Minnesota. 

The State of Minnesota is west of Wisconsin. 
The „ „ „ „ tlie 

capital, the city of St. Paul. 

Rivers, 

1. The Minnesota River is in the State of Minnesota. 
The ,, ,, rises in Travers Lake and 

empties into the Mississippi River. 

The Minnesota River is four and a-half hundred. 

2. The Rum River is in the State of Minnesota. 

The ,, ,, rises in Mille Lac, and empties 
into the Mississippi River. 

The Rum River is one hundred. 

3. Otter Tail River is in western Minnesota. 



176 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

Otter Tail River is in western Minnesota, and empties 
into the North Red River. 

Otter Tail River is one and a-half hundred. 

4. St. Croix River is in eastern Minnesota. 

St. ,, ,, rises in Wisconsin, and empties into 
the Mississippi River. 

The St. Croix River is two hundred. 

5. St. Louis River is in northern Minnesota. 

St. ,, ,, „ ,, „ and emp- 

ties into Lake Superior. 

The St. Louis River is two hundred. 

6. Rainy Lake River is in northern Minnesota. 
■Rainy ,, „ ,, „ „ and 

empties into the Lake of the Woods. 

Lakes. 

1. Lake Itaska is in the State of: Minnesota. 

2. Red Lake is in northern 

3. Cass ,, ,, „ 

4. Rainy ,, is north of 

5. Lake of the Woods is north of 

6. Leech Lake is in the State of 

7. Mille Lac are ,, ,, ,, 

8. The Grand Portage is north of 

9. Otter Tail Lake is in western 

10. Shetek Lake in southern 

11. Lake St. Croix is in eastern 

Cities and Towns. 
* St. Paul. 

h The town of Wabashaw is in southern Minnesota. 
c Winona. / New Ulm. 

d St. Nicholas. §• Mankato . 

e Verona. h Le Sueur. 



177 THE INTERIOR STATES. 

i St. Anthony. m Buchanan. 

J Minneapolis. n Port Charlotte. 

k St. Cloud. o Breckinridge. 

/ Endion. p St. Vincent. 

KANSAS. 

1. Kansas lies west of Missouri. It is situated bet- 
ween the Indian, and the Nebraska territories, and extends 
westward as far as Colorado Territory. Its length is about 
S80 miles, and its breadth about 200. 

2. The country was settled by emigrants from the 
various parts of the Union. It was organized as a Territory 
in 1854, and was admitted into the Union in 1861 as an 
independent State. 

3. Kansas may be considered an immense plain, sloping 
eastward from the base of the Rocky Mountains, to the bor- 
der of Missouri. The surface is generally level, comprising 
fertile prairies, interspersed with sandy plains. 

4. The soil is exceedingly fertile in the eastern part, 
and along the margin of the streams. The western portion 
of the State is almost a barren region. The climate is 
moderate, and healthful. 

5. The State has considerable natural resources; is well 
adapted to agriculture and grazing, and is rapidly filling up 
with an intilligont, energetic, and thriving population. 

6. Area, 80,000 square miles. Populution in 1860, 
107,110. Free Colored, 623. Inhabitants to the square 
mile, 2. Counties, — . 

7. Cities and Towns. — Lecompton, the capital, is lo- 
cated on the south bank of the Kansas River. 

8. Leavenworth, Lawrence, Atchison, Ossawatomie, 
Burlingame, and Cofachique, are the most important towns 
in the State. 

12 



178 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

Key to Kansas. 

32. Kansas. 
The State of Kansas is west of Missouri. 
The ,, „ ,, „ „ the capital, 

the city of Lecompton. 

Rivei's. 

1. The Kansas River is in the State of Kansas. 

The ,, ,, ,, ,, „ and 

empties into the Missouri River. 

The Kansas River is one and a-half hundred. 

2. The Republican River is in the State of Kansas. 
The ,, ,, rises in Colorado, and emp- 
ties into the Kansas River. 

The Republican River is four hundred. 

3. Solomon's River is in the State of Kansas. 
Solomon's ,, ,, ,, ,, and emp- 
ties into Smoky Hill River. 

Solomon's River is two hundred. 

4. Smoky Hill River is in the State of Kansas. 
Smoky ,, ,, rises in the Rocky Mts., and 

empties into the Kansas River. 

The Smoky Hill River is eight hundred. 

5. Blue River is in the northern part of Kansas. 
Blue ,, rises in Nebraska, and empties into the 

Kansas River. 

The Blue River is one and a-third hundred. 

Cities and Towns, 
* Lecompton. 

b Lawrence. f Ossawatomie. 

c Fort Riley. g Cofachique. 

d Leavenworth. h Burlingame. 

e Atchison. 



THE INTERIOR STATES. 179 

Key to West Yirginia. 

35. West Virginia. 
The State of West Virginia is west of the AUeghanies. 

the capital, the city of Wheeling. 
Rivers. 

7. The Great Kanawha River is in West Virginia. 
The ,, ,, ,, rises in the AUeghanies, 

and empties into the Ohio River. 

The Great Kanawha River is four hundred. 

8. The Gauly River is in West Virginia. 

The ,, ,, rises in the AUeghanies, and emp- 
ties into the Kanawha River. 

9. Cheat River is in West Virginia. 

Cheat ,, rises in the AUeghanies, and empties 
Into the Monongahela. 

14. Guyandotte River is in West Virginia. 

Guyandotte ,, ,, ,, ,, and emp- 

ties into the Ohio River. 

The Guyandotte River is one hundred. 

Cities and Towns. 
* Wheeling. 

s Elizabethtown is in the State of West Virginia. 

V Phillippi. z Summerville. 

w Carricksford. y Carnifex Ferry. 

X Glenville. p Guyandotte. 

a Ripley. q Barboursville. 

r Sarytown. ii Chapmnnsville. 



THE PACIFIC STATES. 



1. The Pacific States are situated between the Rocky 
Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. They are California 
and Oregon. 

2. This section also comprises the territories of Wash- 
ington, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona. 

3. The coast along the Pacific was explored by Captain 
Cook, and others, but the interior had never been explored 
until it was visited by Captains Clark and Lewis, under the 
patronage of President Jefferson, in 1805. 

4. These hardy adventurers ascended the Missouri to 
its sources, crossed over the Rocky Mountains, and explored 
the rivers, that bear their names, and descended the Colum- 
bia to its mouth. 

5. They first made known to the world, that a water 
communication exists from New Orleans to the mouth of 
the Columbia, except the crossing of a single partage, about 
300 rods in length. 

6. This division embraces a great variety of both, soil 

and climate. Mining, agriculture, and grazing, are the 

leading pursuits of the inhabitants. Since the discovery of 

gold, in 1848, the population has increased with unexampled 

rapidity. No single event was ever known to produce such 

wonderful results, in so short a time. 
180 



THE PACIFIC STATES. 181 

7. It is celebrated for its vast resources of mineral 
wealth. Its gold region is the largest and richest in the 
world, and thousands of people from all parts of Christen- 
dom, are busily engaged in securing it. Silver, lead, cop- 
per, and platinum, are also found. 

8. From its admirable position, for commerce, beauti- 
ful climate, its immense mineral and agricultural resources, 
the Pacific Section promises to become one of the most 
important and influential of the Union. 

CAI.IFOR1VIA. 

1. The State of California is situated on the coast of 
the Pacific Ocean. It extends from Lower California on 
the south, to Oregon on the north. The greatest length of 
the State is about 700 miles, and greatest breadth, 330. 

2. It was settled by the Spanish, at San Diego, in 
1769. The country formerly belonged to Mexico, but nu- 
merous emigrants from the United States settled there, who 
declared themselves independent, and formed a government. 
It was held in military possession, by the United States, 
until it was ceded to the Government by Mexico, in 1848. 
It became a State in 1850. 

3. The greater part of the State is hilly or mountainous; 
being traversed by Mountain Ranges. The Sierra Ne- 
vada, near the coast, is the most prominent range. The 
great valley of the Sacramento and San Joaquin is 500 
miles in length, and from 50 to 60 in width. It is very 
level, has but little timber, and is generally unproductive. 

4. The soil is not generally well adapted to agriculture. 
In the valleys, and along the water-courses, it is often ex- 
ceedingly fertile. The State is better adapted to grazing, 
than to agriculture. 



132 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

5. The climate is one of the most healthy in the world, 
and is particularly noted for its periodical changes. The 
year consists of two seasons, the wet and the dry. The wet 
season usually lasts from the middle of November to the 
middle of May. 

6. The principal agricultural products are wheat, bar- 
ley, potatoes, and fruits of various kinds. The State is 
well adapted to the culture of the vine, which flourishes in 
different parts. Wine has long been made at Los Angeles, 
and the largest vineyard in the United States is here, — it 
consists of 400 acres. 

7. California is rich in mineral resources. Its mines 
f of gold are the most celebrated in the world. Besides gold, 

there are inexhaustible mines of silver, lead, quicksilver, 
copper, and iron. The gold region extends nearly 500 
miles along the base of the Sierra Nevada. 

8. Deer, elk, antilopes, and other wild animals abound, 
and immense herds of wild horses roam over the plains. 
The formidable grizzly bear is found in various parts of the 
State. The cattle are fine, and exist in vast herds, and 
were formerly killed by the natives for their hides and tallow. 

9. The State ranks second in size, has 800 miles of 
sea-coast, and gold dust is the chief article of export. 

10. Area of State, 188,982 square miles. Population 
in 1860, 380,016; free colored, 3,816. Inhabitants to 
the square mile, 2. Counties, 36. 

11. Cities and Towns. — Sacramento City, the capital 
of the State, is located on the left bank of the Sacramento 
River. It is noted for its commerce. 

12. San Francisco, the largest and most commercial 
city in the State, is situated on the wesc side of San Fran- 
cisco Bay. The entrance to the city is through a narrow 



THE PACIFIC STATES. 183 

Strait, about a mile in width, with high rocky walls on each 
side, called the ''Golden Gate." The city is noted for its 
unexampled increase in wealth and population ; the latter 
being from all parts of the globe. 

13. Los Angeles, Marysville, Benicia, Monterey, San 
Jose, Valleyo, Placer City, Mariposa, Sonora, and Stock- 
ton, are all important places. 

Key to California. 

33. California. 
The State of California is west of the Rocky Mts. 
lue ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, tlie 

the capital, Sacramento City. 

Mountains. 

1. The Coast Mts. are in western California. 

2. The Sierra Nevada are in eastern , , 

3. Mt. Shasta is in northern ,, 
Mt. ,, is fourteen hundred. 

4. Mt. Lin is in northern California. 

5. Mt. St. John is in northern California. 

6. Mt. San Bernardino is in southern California. 
Mt. ,, ,, is eighty-five hundred. 

7. Mt. San Gorgonio is in southern California. 

Rivers. 

1. Klamath River is in northern California. 
Kiamath ,, rises in Oregon, and empties into the 

Pacific Ocean. 

The Klamath River is two and a-half hundred. 

2. The Sacramento River is in the State of California. 
The ,, ,, rises in the Sierra Nevada, 

and empties into San Francisco Bay. 

The Sacramento River is three hundred and seventy. 



184 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

3. The Feather River is in California. 

The ,, ,, rises in the Sierra Nevada, and 

empties into the Sacramento River. 

The Feather River is two hundred. 

4. The Yuba River is in the State of California. 

The ,, 5, rises in the Sierra Nevada, and emp- 
ties into the Feather River. 

The Yuba River is one hundred, 

5. The American River is in the State of California. 
The ,, ,, rises in Mountain Lake, and 

empties into the Sacramento River. 

The American River is one hundred. 

6. The San Joaquin River is in the State of California. 
The ,, ,, ,, rises in Lake Tule, and emp- 
ties into San Francisco Bay. 

The San Joaquin River is three and a-half hundred. 

7. Buena Ventura River is in Tyestern California. 
Buena Ventura ,, rises in the Coast Mts., and 

empties into Monterey Bay. 

The Buena Ventura River is two hundred. 

8. King's River is in southern California. 

King's ,, rises in the Sierra Nevada, and empties 
into Lake Tule. 

9. Redwood Creek is in northern California. 
Redwood Creek rises in the Coast Mts. , and empties 

into Humboldt Bay. 

10. Eel River is in northern California. 

Eel ,, rises in the Coast Mts., svud empties into 
the Pacific Ocean. 

11. Russian River is in western California. 
Russian ,, rises in the Coast Mts., and empties 

into the Pacific Ocean. 



THE PACIFIC STATES. 185 

12. The Mohave River is in southern California. 

The ,, ,, ,, „ „ and 

empties into the Colorado River. 

The Mohave River is two hundred. 

Lakes and Bays, 

1. The Bay of San Francisco is on the coast of Cali- 
fornia. 

2. Lake Tule is in southern California. 

3. Kern Lake ,, ,, ,, 

4. Soda ,, „ „ ,, 

5. Clear ,, ,, northern ,, 

6. Mountain Lake is in the State of California. 

7. Humboldt Bay is on the coast of ,, 

8. Bodega „ „ „ „ 

9. Monterey,, ,, ,, ,, 

Capes. 

1. Cape Mendocino is on the coast of California. 

2. Point Conception ,, ,, ,, 

Islands, 
1. The Santa Barbara Islands are on the coast of 
California. 

Cities and Towns, 
^ Sacramento City. 
b Fremont is on the Sacramento River. 
c Placerville. j Humboldt City. 

d Marysville. Je Meigsville. 

e Yuba City. / San Francisco. 

/ Monroeville. m San Jose. 

g Weitspeck. n Monterey. 

h Klamath. o Benicia. 

i Trinidad. p Redwood City. 



X86 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

q Buenavista. to San Hedro. 

r Guadalupe. x San Juan. 

s San Louis Obispo. y Tejungo. 

/ Santa Inez. z San Diego. 

u Santa Barbara. b Fort Youmas. 



V Los Angeles. 



OREGON. 



1. This State lies north of California on the Pacific 
coast, having Washington Territory for its northern and 
western boundary. It is about 390 miles in length, and in 
breadth 240. 

2. Oregon was settled at Astoria, a trading post at the 
mouth of the Columbia, in 1811, by emigrants from various 
parts of the Union. It was organized as a Territory, by 
Congress, in 1848, and admitted into the Union as a State, 
in 1849. 

3. The State is divided into three distinct physical 
regions by the Blue, and Cascade Mountains. They are 
distinct in soil, productions, and climate. The western sec- 
tion has a genial climate, and the valley of the Willamette 
is exceedingly fertile, and well adapted to agriculture. The 
middle section, between the Cascade Range and the Blue 
Mountains, has a light, sandy soil, interspersed with rich 
lowlands. The eastern section, lying between the Blue 
Mountains and the Lewis River, is rough and rocky. 

4. It is noted for its immense forests of pine, some of 
the trees of which are from 250 to 300 feet in hight. Great 
quantities of lumber are exported to California and the 
Sandwich Islands. 

5. Its mineral resources are not yet developed to any 



THE PACIFIC STATES. 187 

extent, but gold and coal have been found in various places. 
The principal exports are lumber and flour. 

6. Area, square miles. Population in 1860, 

52,464. Free colored, 121. Inhabitants to the square 
mile, . Counties, 

Key to Oregon. 

34. Oregon. 
Mou7\ tains. 

1. The Cascade Range is in the State of Oregon. 
The ,, 5? is five hundred. 

2. The Slue Mts. are in eastern Oregon. 

3. Mt. Hood is in the northern part of Oregon. 
Mt. ,, is fourteen hundred. 

4. Mt. Jefierson is in northern Oregon. 

5. Diamond Peak is in the State of Oregon. 

6. Mt. Pitt is in the southern part of Oregon. 

7. Winter Range is in south-east Oregon. 

Rivers. 

1. The Willamette River is in the State of Oregon. 
The ,, ,, rises in the Cascade Range, 

and empties into the Columbia River. 

The Willamette River is two and a-half hundred. 

2. Umpqua River is in south-west Oregon. 

The ,, ,, rises in the Cascade River, and emp- 
ties into the Pacific Ocean. 

The Umpqua River is one hundred. 

3. Rouge River is in south-west Oregon. 

The ,, rises in the Cascade Range and empties 
into the Pacific Ocean. 

4. Fall River is in the State of Oregon. 



188 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

The Fall River rises in the Cascade Range, and 
empties into the Columbia River. 
The Fall River is two hundred. 

5. Crooked River is in northern Oregon. 

The ,, ,, rises in the Blue Mts., and empties 
into the Columbia River. 

6. The Owyhee River is in south-east Oregon. 

The ,, ,, rises in Nevada, and empties 
into Lewis River. 

The Owyhee River is one and a-half hundred. 

7. Malheur River is in south-east Oregon. 

The ,, 5, rises in the Blue Mts., and empties 
into Lewis River. 

The Malheur River is one hundred. 

Lakes, 

1. Lake Sylanilles is in south-east Oregon, 

2. ,, Klamath is in southern ,, 

3. Little Klamath Lake ,, ,, 

4. Lake Abort is in south-east ,, 

Cities and Towns. 



5. Summer Lake ,, ,, 



* Salem. 

b Oregon City. g Elkton. 

c Portland. h Roseburg. 

d Astoria. i Jacksonville. 

e Cornwallis. j Port Orford. 
/ Gardiner. 



THE TEEEITORIES. 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

1. The District of Columbia lies on the left bank of the 
Potomac River, 120 miles from its mouth. 

2. It was originally ceded to the United by Maryland 
and Virginia, for the purpose of establishing therein the 
Capital of the United States. The territory thus ceded, 
in 1790, embraced Washington County on the Maryland, 
and Alexandria County on the Virginia side of the Potomac, 
containing an area of 100 square miles. 

3. In 1846, Alexandria County was ceded back to Vir- 
ginia, so that the District is now reduced to an area of 60 
square miles. 

4. Cities and Towns. — Washington City, the capital of 
the United States, is situated in the District of Columbia, 
on the east bank of the Potomac River. The plan of the 
city is on a grand and magnificent scale. It was laid out in 
1791, under the direction of General Washington, and the 
seat of government, which was then at Philadelphia, was 
removed hither in the year 1800. 

5. In the early days of the Republic, the city of Wash- 
ington presented a dreary and cheerless view. Nothing was 

to be seen, but extended streets and scattered buildings: 
189 



190 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

then it was, that it was designated the ''City of Magnificent 
Distances," by the Hon. John Randolph of Virginia. — 
Pennsylvania Avenue is the most celebrated and beautitul 
street in the city. 

6. Its situation is pleasant and healthy. The houses 
are so scattered as to give the city the appearance of several 
small and distinct villages. 

7. On the first Monday in December of every year, 
the National Congress assembles in the Capitol, to make 
and pass laws, and deliberate upon the general welfare and 
interest of the whole nation. During the sessions of Con- 
gress, the Capital is thronged with visitors from various 
parts of the world. 

8. Washington is the residence of the President of the 
United States, the principal officers of the Government, and 
also, of the foreign ministers sent to this country. The 
salary of the President is 25,000 dollars per annum, that 
of the Secretaries of State, Treasury, War, and Navy, 8,000 
dollars each per annum. 

9. The Capitol, which stands on an eminence, com- 
manding a fine view of the surrounding country, is one of 
the most elegant structures in the world. It is built of 
"white free-stone, in the shape of a cross, 352 feet in length, 
with a large and beautifully ornamented Rotunda 96 feet in 
diameter, and 96 feet to the top of the dome within. 

10. The Senate Chamber and Representatives Hall 
are located in the two wings. The former is a semi-circu- 
lar apartment, 74 feet in length. The latter is of the same 
shape, 95 feet in length, and 60 feet in hight, and adorned 
with a colonnade of handsome pillars. 

11. The President's House, a mile distant from the 



THE TERRITORIES. 191 

Capitol, is also a very handsome building of free-stone, and 
surrounded by the four departments, of State, War, Navy, 
and the Treasury. 

12. The General Post Office is a fine structure of white 
marble. The Patent Office is a beautiful building, and the 
depository of many interesting curiosities. 

13. The completion of the city, on the plan originally 
intended, will make it one of the grandest in the world, and 
worthy of its immortal founder, from whom it derives its name. 

14. Georgetown, two miles from Washington, and se- 
parated from it by Rock Creek, is the seat of a Catholic 
College and a nunnery. 

Key to District of Columbia. 

1. District of Columbia. 
The District of Columbia is in the State of Maryland. 

Cities and Towns. 
* Washington City is in the District of Columbia. 
Washington ,, ,, ,, ,, the 

Capital of the United States. 

WASHII\GTO]¥ TERRITORY. 

1. Washington Territory lies north of Oregon, and 
extends from the Rocky Mts. on the east, to the Pacific 
Ocean on the west. 

2. In the year 1853, it was detached from Oregon, and 
organized as a separate Territory. The surface is diversified, 
— the finest portion lying west of the Cascade Range. In 
the valleys, and along the water courses, the soil is rich and 
well adapted to agriculture. The Great Plain of the Colum- 
bia, compressing the middle portion, is an immense desert, 
destitude of trees and water. 



192 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

3. The Cascade Range, which crosses the Territory 
from south to north, rises into several peaks above the snovr 
line. Admiralty Inlet, the Straits of Fuca, and Puget's 
Sound afford excellent harbors ; near the latter, the country 
abounds in fine timber, and its waters with excellent fish. 

4. The climate is unusually mild for so high a latitude. 
The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in lumbering, farming, 
and fishing. 

5. Olympia, the capital, is situated at the head of 
Puget's Sound. Steilacoom is one of the most important 
places. Seattle, Pacific City, Columbia City, Cascade City, 
and Port Townsend are all thriving towns. 

6. Area, in square miles, 193,000. Population in 
1860, 11,578 

Key to Wasliington Territory. 

2. Washington Territory. 
Washington Territory is north of Oregon. 
Washington ,, ,, ,, the capital, 

the city of Olympia. 

Mountains, 

1. Mt. Baker is in Washington Territory. 

2. Mt. Rainier ,, ,, ,, 

3. Mt. Adams ,, ,, ,, 

4. Mc. St. Helens is in Washington Territory. 

5. Mt. Olympus ,, ,, ,, 

6. Bitter Root Mts. are in Washington Territory. 

Rivers, 
1. The Columbia River is in Washington Territory. 
The ,, ,, rises in British America, and 

empties into the Pacific Ocean. 

The Columbia River is seven and a-half hundred. 



THE TERRITOKIES. 193 

2. Clark's River is in Washington Territory. 
Clark's ,, rises in the Rocky Mts., and empties 

into the Columbia River. 

Clark's River is five hundred. 

3. Clear Water River is in Washington Territory. 
Clear ,, ,, rises in the Rocky Mts., and emp- 
ties into Lewis River. 

4. Flat Bow River is in Washington Territory^ 

Flat ,, ,, rises in the Rocky Mts., and emp- 
ties into the Columbia River. 

5. Spokane River is in Washington Territory. 

The ,, ,, rises in Lake Coeur d'Alene, and 

empties into Clark's River. 

Lakes, Bays, and Sounds. 

1. Puget's Souud is in Washington Territory. 

2. Shoalwater Bay ,, ,, ,, 

3. Lake Pend Oreille ,, ,, 

4. Lake Coeur d'Alene is in Washington Territory. 

5. Flat Head Lake ,, ,, ,, 

Cities and Towns. 
* Olymphia. 

b Fort Steilacoom is in Washington Territory. 
c Pacific City. / Watcom. 

d Fort Vancouver. g Wallawalla. 

e Seattle. 

DAKOTA TERRITORY. 

1. Dakota Territory is situated north of Nebraska and 
Idaho, and extends from Minnesota on the east, to Wash- 
ington Territory on the west. 

2. It was first organized by Congress in 1857, and re- 

13 



j^94 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

organized in 1861. The soil is generally level, consisting 
for the most part of prairies, well adapted to tillage, and on 
which, wild horses, vast herds of buffalo and other animals 
abound. 

3. Area, 373,438 square miles. Population in 1860, 
4,839. 

H.ey to Dakota. 
3. Dakota. 
Dakota Territory is west of Minnesota. 
Dakota ,, ,, ,, the capital, the 

city of Yankton. 

Mountains. 

1. The Snow Mts. are in south-west Dakota. 

2. The Little Rocky Mts. are in north-west Dakota. 

3. Bear's Paw Mts. are in western Dakota. 

Rivers. 

1. Missouri River. 

2. The Yellow Stone River is in Dakota Territory. 
The ,, ,, ,, rises in Sublett's Lake, 

and empties into the Missouri River. 

The Yellow Stone River is seven hundred. 

3. Little Missouri River is in Dakota Territory. 
Little ,, ,, is three hundred. 

4. James River is in eastern Dakota. 

James ,, ,, ,, ,, and empties into 
the Missouri River. 

James River is three and a-half hundred. 

5. Big Sioux River is in eastern Dakota. 

Big „ ,, „ „ „ and empties 

into the Missouri River. 

The Bio; Sioux River is two hundred. 



THE TERRITORIES. 195 

6. The North Red River is in north-east Dakota. 
The „ „ „ „ ,, „ and 

empties into Winnipeg Lake. 

7. Shyenne River is in north-east Dakota. 

Shjenne ,, „ ,, ,, and empties 

into North Red River. 

8. Maria's River is in Dakota Territory. 

Maria's ,, rises in British America, and empties 
into the Missouri River. 

9. White Earth River is in Dakota Territory. 

White ,, ,, rises in British America, and 

empties into the Missouri River. 

The White Earth River is two hundred. 

10. Muscle Shell River is in western Dakota. 

11. Grand River is in southern Dakota. 

12. William's River. 

13. Milk. 

14. Mankizttah. 

Lakes. 
1- Lake Mini Wakan is in Dakota Territory. 

Cities and Towns. 
* Yankton. 

c Flandreau is on the Big Sioux River. 
d Medary „ ,, ,, „ 

IDAHO TERRITORY. 

1. Idaho is located north of Utah and Colorado, and 
extends from Nebraska on the east, to Oregon on the west. 

2. It was organized by Congress, in 1863, from the 
Territories of Nebraska, Dakota, and Washington. The 
word "Idaho," in the Indian language, signifies the "Ge??i 
of the Mountains. ^^ It is seven times as large as New 



196 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

York, and five times the size of the New England States 
combined. 

3. Idaho is a mountainous region of country, being 
traversed in all directions by the Rocky Mountain Range 
and its spurs. The valleys are productive, yielding vast 
quantities of pasturage. It is celebrated for its rich gold- 
fields, and thousands of adventurers are being attracted 
thither in quest of gold. 

4. Area, 326,000 square miles. 

Key to Idabo. 
4. Idaho. 
Idaho Territory is east of Oregon. 
Moiuitains. 

1. The Salmon River Mts. are in Idaho Territory. 

2. The Black Hills are in Idaho Territory. 

3. Fremont's Peak is ,, ,, 
Fremont's ,, ,, fourteen hundred. 

4. Harney's Peak is in Idaho Territory. 

Rivers. 

1. Lewis River is in Idaho Territory. 

The Lewis River rises in the Rocky Mts., and emp- 
ties into the Columbia River. 

Lewis River is five hundred and twenty. 

2. Salmon River is in Idaho Territory. 

Salmon ,, rises in the Rocky Mts., and empties 
into Lewis River. 

3. Payette River is in Idaho Territory. 

Payette ,, rises in the Salmon River Mts., and 
empties into Lewis River. 

4. Jefi'erson's River is in Idaho Territory. 
Jefi'erson's ,, rises in the Rocky Mts., and emp- 
ties into the Missouri River. 



THE TERRITORIES, 197 

5. Madison's River is in Idaho Territory. 
Madison's ,, rises in the Rocky Mts., and emp- 
ties into the Missouri River. 

6. Gallatin's River is in Idaho Territory. 
Gallatin's ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, and empties 

into the Missouri River. 

7. Big Horn River is in Idaho Territory. 

The ,, ,, rises in the Rocky Mts., and emp- 
ties into the Yellow Stone River. 

The Big Horn River is four hundred. 

8. Tongue River. 

Lakes. 
1. Sublett's Lake is in Idaho Territory. 

NEBRASKA TERRITORY. 

1. This Territory is situated north of Kansas, and ex- 
tends from Iowa on the east, to Idaho Territory on the west. 

2. The greater, portion of the Territory is a vast roll- 
ing prairie. The surface, in the western part, is somewhat 
rugged and broken ; and the soil, although sandy in some 
places, is generally fertile, and well adapted to agriculture. 

3. The prairies produce an inexhaustible supply of 
pasturage for stock of all kinds. The climate in the win- 
ter season, is cold and severe ; during the summer, mild and 
pleasant. 

4. The South Pass in the Rocky Mountains is a noted 
route of travel between the eastern and the western parts of 
the United States. The country is rapidly filling up with 
an agricultural population, while the principal Indian tribes 
— the Sioux, the Pawnees, and the Omahas, are gradually 
receding before the footsteps of the harily pioneer. 

5. Omaha, the capital, is located on the west bank of 



198 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

the Missouri River. Nebraska Citj, Otoe City, De Soto, 
Tekama, are the most important places. 

6. Area, 100,000 square miles. Population in 1860, 
28,842. 

Key to TVebraska Territory. 
5. Nebraska Territory. 
Nebraska Territory is north of Kansas. 
Nebraska Territory is north of Kansas, the capital the 
city of Omaha. 

1. Nebraska River is in Nebraska Territory. 
Nebraska ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, and emp- 
ties into the Missouri River. 

2. The North Nebraska River flows through Nebraska. 

3. Running Water River is in Nebraska Territory. 
Running ,, ,, rises in Idaho, and empties 

into the Missouri River. 

4. Keha Paha River is in Nebraska Territory. 

The ,, ,, rises in Idaho, and empties into 
Running Water River. 

5. Punas River is in Nebraska Territory. 

Cities and Towns. 
* Omaha. 

b Otoe City is in Nebraska Territory. 
c Nebraska City. /Logan. 

d Desoto City. g- Pawnee. 

e Takama. 

IVEVADA TERRITORY. 

1. Nevada Territory is situated between California and 
Utah. It takes its name from the range of mountains, 
called the Sierra Nevada, forming the western boundary. 



THE TERRITORIES. 199 

2. The western part consists of numerous valleys, 
finely watered, and well adapted to agriculture. A great 
portion of the Territory, however, lies in the Great Interior 
Basin, a sterile region of country. 

3. Nevada Territory was organized, by Congress, in 
1861. It is noted for its mineral wealth, and thousands of 
hardy emigrants are rapidly pushing forward to the new El 
Dorado. 

4. Area, 70,000 square miles. Population in 1860, 
6,857. 

5. Carson City, on Carson River, is the capital. Vir- 
ginia City, Genoa, Chinatown, Humboldt City, and Stuk 
Sta are the principal towns. 

Key to Nevada Territory. 

6. Nevada Territory. 

Nevada Territory is west of Utah. 
Nevada ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, the capital, Carson 
City. 

Rivers. 

1. Humboldt River is in Nevada Territory. 
Humboldt ,, rises in the Humboldt Mts., and 

empties into Humboldt Lake. 

Humboldt River is three and a-half hundred. 

2. Carson River is in Nevada Territory. 

Carson ,, rises in the Sierra Nevada, and emp- 
ties into Carson Lake. 

3. Walker River is in Nevada Territory. 

Walker ,, rises in the Sierra Nevada Mts., and 
empties into Walker Lake. 

Lakes. 
1. Humboldt Lake is in Nevada Territory. 



200 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

2. Carson Lake is in Nevada Territory. 
8. Lake Walker ,, ,, ,, ,, 

4. Pyramid Lake ,, ,, ,, 

5. Mud Lake ,, ,, ,, 

Cities and Towns. 
^ Carson City. 

b Genoa is in Nevada Territory. 
c Chinatown, i Virginia City. 

d Millers. j Galena. 

e Williams. k Humboldt City. 

/ Stuk Sta. / Unionville. 

g Sand Hill. m Sander City. 

h Warren's Camp. 

UTAH TERRITORY. 

1. This Territory is situated between Colorado and 
Nevada Territories. 

2. Utah is one of the most singular countries in the 
world. It occupies an elevation of 4,000 to 5,000 feet 
above the level of the sea, surrounded by mountains, with 
its own system of rivers and lakes, without any direct outlet 
to the ocean. 

3. The mountains are well watered and covered with 
timber. The plains between are arid and sterile. Great 
Salt Lake is about 70 miles in length, and about 35 in 
breadth. Its waters are shallow, and contain more salt than 
can be held in solution, the bottom and borders being cov- 
ered with an immense quantity of crystalized salt. No 
living creature can exist in its waters. 

4. The inhabitants are principally Mormons. They 
were driven from Nauvoo, Illinois, by the violence of a mob, 
and emigrated to the Great Salt Lake, and founded the city 



THE TERRITORIES. 201 

of the same name. Since 1850, the population has rapidly 
increased bj emigration ot* converts to the "faith," from 
all parts of the world. The principal Indian tribes are the 
Utahs, Pah Utahs, and Diggers; the latter are so called, 
because they live on the roots, which they dig from the 
ground. 

5. Utah is better adapted to grazing than to agri- 
culture. The valleys can only be cultivated, where they 
are susceptible ot irregation. But little rain Falls, except on 
the mountains, from March to October. Immense quanti- 
ties of cattle and sheep are raised, with great profit, as it 
is not necessary to feed them. 

6. The climate is mild and uniform, its temperature 
rarely falling below zero. Grain and garden vegetables are 
the chief products, and coal and iron the principal minerals. 

7. Salt Lake City, the capital, is located on the Jor- 
dan River. Brownsville, Fillmore, Provo, Ogden, Para- 
wan, and Manti are the principal tOAvns. 

8. Area, 269,170 square miles. Population in 1860, 
40,295. 

Key to Utah Territory, 

7. Utah Territory. 
Utah Territory is west of Colorado. 
Utah ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, the capital. Salt 

Lake City. 

3fcuu fains. 

1. The Humboldt Mts. are in Utah Territory. 

2. The Wasatch ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, 

Bivers, 
1. Green River is in Utah Territory. 

The ,, ,, rises in the Rocky Mts., and empties 
into the Colorado River. 



202 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

2. Bear River is in Utah Territory. 

The ,, rises in the Wasatch Mts.. and empties 
into Great Salt Lake. 

Bear River is two and a- third hundred. 
8. Jordan River is in Utah Territory. 
4. Nicollet River is in Utah Territory. 

The ,, ,, rises in the Wasatch Mts., and emp- 
ties into Nicollet Lake. 

Lakes, 

1. Great Salt Lake is in Utah Territory. 

2. Utah Lake is ,, ,, ,, 

3. Nicollet Lake is ,, ,, ,, 

4. Ashley Lake is ,, ,, ,, 

Cities and Towns. 
* Salt Lake City. 
h Lehi is in Utah Territory. 
c Provo. ^ Oregon City. 

d Springville. h Bingham City. 

e Fillmore City. i Wellsville. 

f Farmington. 

COI.ORADO TERRITORY. 

1. Colorado Territory is west of: the State of Kansas. 

2. It was organized by Congress in 1861. The Rocky 
Mountains extend through the centre of the Territory from 
north to south, and include the Pike's Peak Gold Region, 
Spanish Peaks, and Long's Peak. Many noble rivers rise 
in Colorado, and flow to the Mississippi and Gulf of Mexico. 

3. It is not well adapted to agriculture, the soil gen- 
erally is dry and sandy; nearly half of the Territory is in- 
cluded in the '-Great American Desert." 



THE TERRITORIES. 208 

4. Denver City is the capital. Mountain City and 
Auraria are the chieC towns. Population, 34,197. 
Key to Colorado Territory. 

8. Colorado Territory. 
Colorado Territory is west of Kansas. 
Colorado Territory is west oE Kansas, the capital Den- 
ver City. 

Mountains. 

1. Pike's Peak is in Colorado Territory. 
Pike's Peak is twelve hundred. 

2. Long's Peak is in Colorado Territory. 
' Long's ,, „ fourteen hundred. 

3. Spanish Peaks are in Colorado Territory. 

Rivers. 
1 South Platte River is in Colorado Territory. 
' f^YiQ ,, M i^ises in the Rocky Mcs., and 

empties into the Nebraska River. 

2. Grand River is in western Colorado. 

"* The ,, „ rises in the Rocky Mts., and empties 
into the Green River. 

The Grand River is three hundred. 

3. Bear River is in western Colorado. 

' The ,, rises in the Rocky Mts., and empties 
into the Green River. 

4. Cerry Creek is in Cororado Territory. 

CUies and Towns. 
^ Denver City. 
h Auraria. c Colorado. 

ARIZONA TERRITORY. 

1. The Territory of Arizona lies west of New Mexico, 



204 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

and extends westwards to the southern boundary of Cali- 
fornia. 

2. The surface is diversified, the soil is generally 
sandy and sterile, interspersed more or less with fertile spots. 
It abounds in silver mines which were formerly worked by 
the Mexicans. 

3. Tubac, on the Santa Cruz River, is the capital. 
Tuscon, Colorado City, Maricopas Villages, and Reventon 
are the principal towns. 

Key to Arizona Territory. 

9. Arizona Terihtory. 

Arizona Territory is west of New Mexico. 
Arizona ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, the capital 

Tubac City. 

Mountains, 

1. The ]\Iogolon Mts. are in Arizona Territory. 

2. Mt. San Francisco is ,, ,, ,, 

3. Mt. Williams is ,, „ ,, 

4. Pinaleno Mts. are ,, ,, ,, 

Rivers. 

1. The Gila River is in southern Arizona. 

The ,, ,, rises in the Rocky Mts , and emp- 
ties into the Colorado River. 

The Gila River is four and a-half hundred. 

2. Colorado River is in Arizona Territory. 
Colorado ,, rises in Utah, and empties into the 

Gulf of California. 

3. Little Colorado River is in Arizona Territory. 
Little ,, ,, rises in the Rocky Mts., and 

empties into the Colorado River. 



THE TERRITORIES. 205 

4. San Francisco River is in Arizona Territory. 

5. Santa Cruz River is in southern Arizona. 

6. Virgin River is in northern ,, 

7. Santa Clara River is ,, „ 

8. San Juan ,,,,,, ,, 

Cities and Towns. 

* Tubac. 

b Tucson is in Arizona Territory. 

c ) Tv/r • -xTu e Colorado City. 

( Mancopas Villages. '^ 

dS /Reventon. 

TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. 

1. New Mexico lies north-west of Texas. 

2. The surface is generally rugged and mountainous, 
and the soil, for the most part, is sterile. Agriculture is 
carried on to some extent in the valleys, when recourse can 
be had to irrigation. 

3. The greater part of the inhabitants are Mestizoes, 
the descendents of whites and Indians, and speak the Span- 
ish language. 

4. Santa Fe, the capital, is situated about 15 miles 
east of the Rio Grande. Taos, Albuquerque, Socorro, and 
Tuni are the principal towns. 

5. Area, 256,300 square miles. Population in 1860, 
93,541. 

K.ey to K^ew Mexico Territory. 
10. New Mexico Territory. 
New Mexico is north-west of Texas. 
New ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, the capital, the 

city of Santa Fe. 

Mountains. 
1. The Sierra Madre Mts. are in New Mexico Territory. 



206 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

2. The Jumanes Mts. are in New Mexico Territory. 
. 3 

4. Mora Peaks are in northern New Mexico. 

5. Mt. Tucumcari is in New Mexico Territory. 

Rivers. 

1. The Rio Grande flows through New Mexico. 

The ,, ,, rises in Colorado, and empties into 
the Gulf of Mexico. 

The Rio Grande is twenty hundred. 

2. The Pecos River flows through New Mexico. 

The ,, ,, rises in the Jumanes Mts., and 
empties into the Rio Grande. 

The Pecos River is six hundred. 

Cities and Towns. 
* Santa Fe. 

b Santa Cruz is in northern New Mexico. 
c Pena Blanca. h Albuquerque. 

d Joza. i Custa. 

e Chaura. j Anton Chico. 

/ Chuchilla. k Fort Craig. 

g" La Canilla. 

IIVDIAIV TERRITORY. 

1. Indian Territory is situated w^est of Arkansas. 

2. It has been set aside by the United States Govern- 
ment, for the permanent residence of the Indian tribes, that 
formerly occupied some of the south-western States. The 
Government exercises no control over the Territory, except 
when it may be necessary to preserve peace. 

2. The Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and 
the Seminoles are the principal tribes, and are making con- 
siderable progress in civilization. 



THE TERRITORIES. 207 

3. They have their churches and their schools. The 
Cherokees have two seminaries, one for bojs, and one for 
girls. The school-houses, generally, are long distances 
apart, and many of the children ride to school on ponies. 

4. Area, 71,130 square miles. Population in 1860, 
110,000. 

Rey to Indian Territory. 
11. Indian Territory. 
The Indian Territory is west of Arkansas. 

Moitntains. 
1. The Witchita Mts. are in Indian Territory. 

Rivers, 

1. The Canadian River is in the Indian Territory. 
The ,, ,, rises in the Rocky Mts., and 

empties into the Arkansas River. 

The Canadian River is nine hundred. 

2. Washita River is in the Indian Territory. 

The ,, ,, rises in Texas, and empties into Red 
River. 

Washita River is five hundred. 

3. Neosho River is in the Indian Territory. 

The ,, ,, rises in Kansas, and empties into the 
Arkansas River. 

4. The North Canadian River is in the Indian Territory. 
The ,, ,, ,, rises in the Indian Ter- 
ritory, and empties into the Canadian River. 

5. Red Fork River is in the Indian Territory. 

Red ,, ,, rises in New Mexico, and empties 
into the Arkansas River. 

Cities and Toivns. 
* Tallequah, the capital of the Cherokee Nation. 
h Cherokee Agency. d Northfork Town. 
c Kidron. e Creek Agency. 



MEXICO. 



1. Mexico is south of the western part ot the United 
States, and lies chiefly between the Gulf of Mexico and the 
Pacific Ocean. 

2. It was formerly an extensive empire. In 1521, 
Mexico was invaded and conquered by Cortez, and belonged 
to Spain for about 300 years. In 1821, the Mexicans re- 
volted and threw off the Spanish yoke ; the country is now 
divided into States, similar to those of the United States, 
with a republican form of government. 

3. The surface is greatly diversified by mountains, the 
soil is generally very fertile, and well adapted to tillage. 
Along the coast, it is warm and sickly, in the interior, where 
the country is more elevated, it is quite healthy and agree- 
able. 

4. Tillage and mining are the chief pursuits, — the art 
of manufacturing is scarcely known. The inhabitants con- 
sist of three classes : Indians, Creoles, and the mixed races. 
Nearly one-half are Indians. The Creoles or whites are the 
descendants of European parents, the mixed races comprise 
the Mulattoes, descendents of whites and negroes; the 
Mestizoes, descendents of whites and Indians; the Zamboes, 

descendents of negroes and Indians. 
208 



MEXICO. 209 

6. Education is quite limited, and the masses of the 
people are very ignorant. The Catholic religion is estab- 
lished by law. Area, 856,000 square miles. Population, 
7,660,000. States 22. 

MEXICAN STATES. 
Key to Loiiver California. 

1. Lower California. 
Lower California is in north-west Mexico. 

Mountains. 
1 . Sierra Nevada. 

Gulfs and Bays. 

1. The Gulf of California is in north-west Mexico. 
The ,, ,, jj >? 5> n " 

and opens into the Pacific Ocean. 

The Gulf of California is seven hundred. 

2. San Sebastian Bay is in Lower California. 

3. Margarita Bay ,, ,, ,, >» 

Capes. 
1. Cape St. Lucas is in Lower California. 

Key to Sonora. 

2. SONORA. 

The State of Sonora is in northern Mexico. 
The „ „ „ „ „ ,, ,. t^e capital, 

the city of Ures. 

Rivers, 

1. The Altar River is in northern Sonora. 

2. The Sonora River is in the State of Sonora. 

The „ „ „ „ ,, >5 j> j> *^^ 

empties into the Gulf of California. 



210 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

3. The Yaqui ( Ya-kee) River is in the State of Sonora. 
The ,, ,, rises in Chihuahua (Chee- 

wah-wah), and empties into the Gulf of California. 
The Yaqui River is four hundred. 

Key to Chiliualiua. 

3. Chihuahua. 
The State of Chihuahua is in northern Mexico. 
J- he ,, ,, ,, 5) )j 5> >> the 

capital, the city of Chihuahua. 

Rivers, 

1. Conchas River is in the State of Chihuahua. 

Conchas ,, rises in Durango, and empties into 
the Rio Grande. 

The Conchas River is three hundred. 

Key to Cinaloa* 

4. Cinaloa. 
The State of Cinaloa is in western Mexico. 
The ,, ,, ,, ,, „ „ ,, the capital, 

the city of Culiacan. 

Rivers. 

1. Iquala River is in the State of Cinaloa. 

Iquala ,, rises in Chihuahua, and empties into 
the Gulf of California. 

2. Culiacan River is in the State of Cinaloa. 

The ,, ,, rises in Durango, and empties into 
the Gulf of California. 

3. The Piastlo River is in the State of Cinaloa. 

The ,, ,, rises in Durango, and empties 
into the Gulf of California. 



MEXICO. 211 

4. Rio del Fuerte is in northern Cinaloa. 

The ,, ,, rises in Chihuahua, and empties into 
the Gulf of California. 

Key to Durango. 

5. DURANGO. 

The State of Durango is in northern Mexico. 
The ,, „ ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, the 

capital, the citj of Durango. 

Rivers, 

1. Rio Nasas is in the State of Durango. 

Rio ,, rises in the Sierra Madre, and empties 
into Lake Tlahualila. 

Lakes. 

1. Lake Magdalena is in the State of Durango. 

Key to Cohahuila. 

6. CoiiAHUiLA. (Ko-ah-wee-lah). 

The State of Cohahuila is in northern Mexico. 
Ine ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, the 

capital, the city of Monclova. 

Rivers. 
1 Sabunas River is in the State of Cohahuila. 

Sabunas ,, rises in Lake San Maria, and emp- 
ties into the Rio Grande. 

2. Toya River is in the State of Cohahuila. 

Lakes. 

1. Lake Tlahualila is in the State of Cohahuila. 

2. Lake de Agua Verde 

3. Lake San Maria 

4. Lake de Parras 



>J 


>7 


)> 


J> 


"if 


) J 


?5 


)) 


>) 


»> 


J> 


?> 



212 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY 

Key to ^uevo L-eoii. 

7. NuEvo Leon. (Nwa-vo La-own). 
The State of Nuevo Leon is in northern Mexico. 

J-^® ?> )J 5 5 5» J J 55 J 5 »J the 

capital, the city of Monterey. 

Rivers, 
1. San River is in Nuevo Leon. 

Key to Tamaulipas. 

8. Tamaulipas. (Tam-o-lee-paz.) 
The State of Tamaulipas is in eastern Mexico. 

J-"® 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 tflB 

capital, the city of Victoria. 

Rivers. 

1. San Fernando River is in the State of Tamaulipas. 
The 

-*- "^ 5 5 5 5 55 55 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 

and empties into the Gulf of Mexico. 

2. Rio de Iglesias. 

3. Rio Tamesi. 

Key to San ILiiis Potosi. 

9. San Luis Potosi. 
San Luis Potosi is in eastern Mexico. 
The capital is San Luis Potosi. 

Rivers. 
Panuco River is in San Luis Potosi. 

Key to Zacatecas. 

10. Zacatecas. 

The State of Zacatecas is west of Potosi. 
The ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, the capital, the 

city of Zacatecas. 



MEXICO. ^13 

Rivers. 



1. 



Key fo Guadalaxara. 

11. GuADALAXARA. (Gwa-da-lii-ha-ra. ) 
Guadalaxara is in western Mexico. 
The Ciipital is Guadalaxara. 

Rivers, 

1. Rio Grande de Santiago. 

2. ,, San Pedro. 

3. 5, Bolanos. 

Lakes^ 
1. Lake de Chapala. 

Key to Miclioacan. 

12. MicHOACAN. (Me-cho-a-kan.) 

The State of Michoacan is south of Zacatecas. 
Morelia is the capital. 

Rivers. 
1. Rio Serura. 

Key to Guanaxuato. 

13. GuANAXUATo. ( Gwa-na-hwa-to. ) 
Guanaxuato is south of San Luis Potosi. 
The capital is Guanaxuato. 

Key to Queretaro. 

14. QuERETARo. (Kcr-raj-ta-ro. ) 

Queretaro is south of San Luis Potosi. 
The capital is Queretaro. 

Key to Mexico. 

15. Mexico. 
The State of Mexico is Avest of Veracruz. 
City of Mexico is the capital. 



214 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 

Key to Teracruz. 

16. Veracruz. 
The State ot* Veracruz is on the coast of the Gulf of 
Mexico. 

The capital is Jalapa (Ila-la-pa.) 

17. Yucatan. 
Merida is the capital. 
a Silan. 



WEST INDIA ISLANDS. 



1. CUBA. 

The Island of Cuba is south of Florida. 
The ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, the capital, 

the city of Havana. 

Mountains. 
1. Cordillera de Cuba. 

CUies and Towns. 
* Havana. 

a Matanza. c Puerto Principe. 

b San Juan. d Bnracoa. 

2. BAHAI9IA ISLANDS. 



STATISTICS. 



Date of Admission and Secession of the Southern 

States. 

ADMITTED. SECEDED. 

South Carolina* Dec. 20, 1860 

Mississippi Dec. 10, 1817. Jan. 9, 1861 

Alabama Dec. 14, 1819. Jan, 11, 1861 

Florida March 3,1845. Jan. 11,1861 

Georgia* Jan. 19, 1861 

Louisiana! April 8, 1812. Jan. 26,1861 

Texast Dec. 29,1815. Feb. 1, 1861 

Virginia* Apl. 17, 1861 

Arkansas June 15, 1836. May 6, 1861 

Tennessee! June 1,1796. May 6, 1861 

North Carolina* May 13, 1861 

* One of the oriji^inal States that formed the Union. 
t Submitted the Ordinance of Secession to the people. 

Slave Population of the United States, according 
to the Census of 1860. 

Alabama 435,132 Mississippi 436,696 

Arkansas 111,104 Missouri 114,965 

Delaware 1,798 North Carolina 331,081 

Florida 61,753 South Carolina 402,541 

Georgia 462,230 Tennessee 275,784 

Kentucky 225,490 Texas 180,388 

Louisiana 332,520 Virginia... 490,887 

Maryland 87,188 District o£ Columbia 3,181 



Total 3,952,738 

215 



216 STATISTICS. 

Population of ttie United States, according to tlie 
Census of 1860. 

LOYAL STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

Maine 619,958 Minnesota 172,793 

New Hampshire... 372,072 Oregon 52,566 

Vermont 315,827 California 384,770 

Massachusetts 1,231,494 Kansas 143,645 

Rhode Island 174,621 Delaware* 110,655 

Connecticut 460,670 Maryland* 644,777 

New York 3,851,561 Missouri* 1,086,244 

New Jersey 676,084 Kentucky* 920,077 

Pennsylvania 2,916,018 Nebraska 28,893 

Ohio , 2,277,919 Dakota 4,839 

Indiana 1,350,802 Washington 11,624 

Michigan 754,291 Utah 50,009 

Illinois 1,691,238 New Mexico 92,023 

Wisconsin 768,485 Dist. of Columbia* 72,140 

Iowa 682,002 

Total 21,872,995 

* Slaves not included. 



REBEL STATES (Slaves not included.) 

Virginia 1,102,312 Alabama 520,785 

North Carolina.... 677,261 Mississippi 450,462 

South Carolina.... 312,830 Louisiana 334,911 

Georgia 620,527 Texas 420,567 

Florida 92,741 Arkansas 329,671 

Tennessee 870,856 

Total 5,732,923 



STATISTICS. 217 

Table allowing tiie dumber of White Males in 
eactai State between the ages of 18 and 45 years. 

FREE STATES. 

New York 778,000 California 76,000 

Pennsylvania 581,000 Connecticut 92,000 

Ohio 468,000 Iowa 135,000 

Illinois 342,000 Kansas 21,000 

Indiana 270,000 iMinnesota 32,000 

Massachusetts 246,000 New Hampshire 65,000 

Michigan 150,000 Rhode Island 35,000 

Maine 125,000 Vermont 63,000 

Wisconsin 155,000 Oregon 10,000 

New Jersey 134,000 

Tolal 3,778,0J0 

BORDER STATES. 

Delaware 22,000 Kentucky 186,000 

Maryland 120,000 Missouri 211,000 



To/al 539,000 

REBEL STATES. 

Virginia 221,000 Arkansas 65,000 

North Carolina 132,000 Florida 16,000 

Tennessee 167,000 Mississippi 71,000 

Georgia 119,000 South Carolina 60,000 

Alabama 106,000 Texas 84,000 

Louisiana 75,000 

To/al 1,116,000 

RECAPITULATION. 

Free States 3,778,000 Rebel States 1,116,000 

Border States 539,000 



4,317,000 



218 



STATISTICS. 



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STATISTICS. 



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220 



STATISTICS. 



Population in I860 of Capitals of the States, and of Cities and Towns, 
that contain upwards of 10,000 Inhabitants. 



Augusta, 
Portland, 
Bangor. 



Concord, 

Manchester, 

Nashua, 

Montpelier, 

Boston, 

Lowell, 

Cambridge, 

Roxbury, 

Charlcstown, 

Woi-cester, 

New Bedford, 

Salem, 

Lynn, 

Lawrence, 

Taunton, 

Springfield, 

Fall River, 

Newburyport, 

Chelsea, 

Gloucester, 

Haverhill, 

Providence, 

Newport, 

Smithfield, 

New Providence, 

New Haven, 

Hartford, 

Norwich, 

Bridgeport, 

New London, 



Maine, 7,609 
„ 26,342 
,, 16,407 
N. H., 10,896 
„ 20,107 
,, 10,065 
Verm., 2,411 
Mass., 177,817 
36,827 



?7 



Waterbury, 
Albany, 
New York, 
Brooklyn, 
Buffalo, 



26,060 
25,137 
25,065 
24,960 
22,300 
22,252 
19,083 
17,639 
15,376 
15,199 
14,026 
13,401 
„ 13,395 
,, 10,904 
,, 10,005 
R. L, 50,666 
10,508 
13,283 
11,818 
39,267 
29,152 
14,048 
13,299 
10,115 



' Rochester, 
Troy, 
Syracuse, 
Utica, 
Oswego, 
Kingston, 
Newburg, 
Poughkeepsee, 
Newtown, 
Lockport, 
Hempstead, 
Yonkers, 
Auburn. 



'J 

J? 

51 
J ? 



N. 



Flushing, 

Cortland, 

Trenton, 

Newark, 

Jersey City, 

Patterson, 

Camden, 

Elizabeth, 

New Brunswick, 

Harrisburg, Penn. 

Philadelphia, 



N. Y., 48,204 
39,235 
28,199 
22,529 
16,816 
16,640 
15,196 
14,726 
13,725 
13,523 
12,375 
11,818 
10,986 
10,185 
10,075 
17,228 
71,941 
29,266 
19,588 
14,358 
11,567 



J) 

55 
55 
55 
55 
55 
55 

55 

55 

5 5 

55 

55 



5' 
J. 

55 
55 
55 
55 
55 



11,255 



Conn., 10,004 

N. Y., 62,367 

„ 805,651 

„ 266,661 

„ 81,129 



Pittsburg, 

Alleghany City, 

Reading, 

Lancaster, 

Dover, 

Wilmington, 

Annapolis, 

Baltimore, 

Washington, 

Richmond, 

Petersburg, 

Nr.rfolk, 

Wheeling, 

Staunton, 



Del., 



, 13,405 
565,529 
49,217 
28,702 
23,162 
17,603 
1,289 
,, 21,258 
Md., 4,529 
,, 212,418 
D. C, 61,123 
Va., 37,910 
„ 18,266 
,, 14,609 
,5 14,183 
5, 14,125 



STATISTICS. 



221 



Alexandria, 

Raleigh, 

Columbia, 

Charleston, 

Milledgeville, 

Savannah, 

Augusta, 

Tallahassee, 

Montgomery, 

Mobile, 

Jackson, 

Baton Rouge, 

New Orleans, 

Austin, 

Little Rock, 

Nashville, 

Memphis, 

Frankfort, 

Louisville, 

Covington, 

Newport, 

Columbus, 

Cincinnati, 

Cleveland, 

Dayton, 

Toledo, 

Lansing, 



Ga. 



Va., 11,20G 
N. C, 4,780 
S. C, 8,050 
40,574 
2,480 

„ 12,493 
„ 1,932 

Ala., 9,889 

„ 29,259 

Miss., 3,191 

La., 5,428 

„ 168,680 

Tex.. 3,494 

Ark., 3,727 

Tenn., 16,987 



Ky., 



22,625 
7,960 
69,740 
„ 16,471 
„ 10,042 
Ohio, 18,555 
„ 161,044 
„ 43,418 
„ 20,082 
,, 13,768 
Mich.. 3,074 



111, 



Mich., 45,619 

Ind., 18,612 

„ 12,647 

,, 11,486 

10,388 

, 9,320 

„ 109.263 

„ 14,423 

„ 13,718 

, Mo., 2,549 

,, 160,780 

Wise, 6,611 

„ 45,254 

Iowa, 3,965 

.. 13,000 



Detroit, 

Indianapolis, 

New Albany, 

Evansville, 

Fort Wayne, 

Springfield, 

Chicago, 

Peoria, 

Quincy, 

Jefferson City 

St. Louis, 

Madison, 

Milwaukee, 

Des Moines, 

Dubuque, 

Lecompton City, Kans., 346 

St. Paul, Minn., 10,401 

Sacramento City, Cal, 13,788 

San Francisco, ,, 56,805 



>aiem. 



1,528 



Oreg., 

Colorado. Col., 500 

Olvmpia, Wash., 2,500 

Gt". Salt L. City, Utah, 8,218 
Virginia City, Nev., 2,345 
Omaha, Neb., 1,888 

Santa Fe, N. Mex., 4,635 
I Pembina, Dakota, 3,554 



CONTENTS. 



Geographical Definitions.... 9 

The Earlh. 9 

Divisions of the Land, 9 

Divisions of the Water 11 

Motions of the Earth 14 

Circles of the Earth 15 

Latitude 16 

Longitude 17 

Zones 18 

Kaces of Men 20 

Religion 23 

Political Divisions 25 

United States, Description of 26 

History of 31 

Government of 32 

The r>ASTERN, OR New Eng- 
land States 36 

Maine 37 

Key to Maine 39 

New Hampshire 42 

Key to do 43 

Vermont 45 

Key to do 47 

Massachusetts 4S 

Key to do 51 

Rhode Island 53 

Key to do 55 

Connecticut 55 

Key to do 57 

Middle States 59 

New York 60 

Key to do 64 

New Jersey 67 

Key to do 69 

Pennsylvania 70 

Key to do 74 

Delaware 76 

Key to do 78 



Southern States 79 

Maryland 81 

Key to do 84 

East Virginia 85 

Key to do 89 

Kpy to West Virginia 179 

North Caro'ina 90 

Key to do 93 

South Carolina 95 

Key to do 99 

Georgia 100 

Key to do 103 

Florida 105 

Key to do 108 

Alabama 110 

Key to do 112 

Mississippi 114 

Key to do 117 

Louisiana 119 

Key to do 122 

Texas 124 

Key to do 12o 

Interior States 129 

Kentucky 132 

Key to do 134 

Tennessee 136 

Key to do 138 

Ohio 140 

Key to do 143 

Indiana 145 

Key to do 147 

Illinois 149 

Key to do 151 

Missouri 154 

Key to do 156 

Arkansas 158 

Key to do 160 

Michigan 162 



CONTENTS. 



223 



Kpy to do Ifi4 

Iowa 107 

Key to do Kiy 

"Wisconsin 171 

Key to do 172 

Minnesota l74 

Key to do '75 

Kansas 177 

Key to do 178 

Pacific States 180 

Califo nia 181 

Key to do 183 

()reg;on 186 

Key to do 187 

1 ERRITORIES 189 

District of Columbia 189 

Key to do 191 

Washington Territory 191 

Key to do 192 

DaUota Territory 193 

Key to do 194 

Iiia'ho Territory 195 

Kev to do I9ti 

Nebraska Territory 1^*7 

Key to do 198 

Nevada Territory 98 

Key to do 199 

Utah Territory 200 

Key to do 201 



Colorado Territory 202 

Key to do 203 

Arizona Territory 203 

Key to do 204 

New Mexico Territory 205 

Key to do 205 

Indian Territory '206 

Kev to do 207 

Mkxico 208 

Key to Lower California 209 

Sonora 209 

Chihuahua 2!0 

Cinaloa 210 

Durango 211 

Cohahuila 211 

Nupvo Leon 212 

Tamaulipas 212 

San Luis Potosi 2 2 

Zacatecas 212 

Guadalaxara 213 

Micboacan 213 

Guanaxuato 213 

Qiieretaro 213 

Mexico 213 

Veracruz 214 

Yucatan 214 

West Indies.. 214 

Statistics 215 



C 310 88 ■ 



«®^i^a 



KEY TO MONTANA. 

12. Montana, {Mou-tan-ya.) 



ro TEACHERS. 

The Vi'x to Montana will be tbim<l in the l<ey to 



Dakota. 



EREATA. 

Pag. 2, in the copy right read Soiifhern for Northern. 
" 3, 5th line from the bottom read wipMlosopJdc for unvsophistic. 
" 4, at the end of the 11th line from the bottom read system for 

subject. 
" 6, 7th line from the bottom, supply the word Census after the 
word States. 




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C 310 88 ■ 



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